C7

• What is crude oil primarily composed of?

  A mixture of hydrocarbons
• How is crude oil formed?

  From dead plants and animals buried in mud
• What is the main use of crude oil after processing?

  To produce fuels and stock chemicals
• What is complete combustion?

  An oxidation reaction with plenty of oxygen
• What is the general equation for combustion of hydrocarbons?

  Hydrocarbon + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water
• Why are hydrocarbons used as fuels?

  Because combustion releases a lot of energy
• What happens to boiling point as the hydrocarbon chain length increases?

  Boiling point increases
• What happens to viscosity as the hydrocarbon chain length increases?

  Viscosity increases
• What happens to flammability as the hydrocarbon chain length increases?

  Flammability decreases
• What is fractional distillation used for?

  To separate hydrocarbons by boiling points
• What is the general formula for alkanes?

  CₙH₂ₙ₊₂
• What is the simplest alkane?

  Methane
• What is cracking in the context of hydrocarbons?

  Breaking down long-chain hydrocarbons into shorter ones
• What are the two methods of cracking?

  Catalytic cracking and steam cracking
• What is the functional group of alkenes?

  A carbon-carbon double bond
• Why are alkenes more reactive than alkanes?

  Due to the presence of a double bond
• What is incomplete combustion?

  When there is not enough oxygen for complete burning
• What is produced during incomplete combustion of alkenes?

  Carbon, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and water
• What happens when an alkene reacts with bromine water?

  It changes from orange to colourless
• What is addition polymerisation?

  • Process where molecules with C=C bonds join
  • Forms long molecules called polymers
  • No other products are formed
• What is the functional group of alcohols?

  -OH functional group
• What are the properties of the first four alcohols?

  Flammable, soluble in water, react with sodium
• What is fermentation?

  A process converting sugar to ethanol using yeast
• What is the functional group of carboxylic acids?

  -COOH functional group
• How do carboxylic acids react with metal carbonates?

  To produce salt, carbon dioxide, and water
• What are esters formed from?

  When an alcohol reacts with a carboxylic acid
• What is condensation polymerisation?

  • Polymers formed from monomers with two functional groups
  • A small molecule is lost for each bond formed
  • Example: polyester formation
• What are proteins made of?

  Polymers of amino acids
• What is DNA composed of?

  Two polymer chains of nucleotide monomers
• What is the function of starch in living organisms?

  To store energy
• What is cellulose used for in plants?

  To make plant cell walls