What is the sudden vibration, violent movement/shaking of Earth’s surface caused by a rapid release of stored energy?
Earthquake
It is a natural phenomenon, earthquakes actually occur everyday but we don’t notice it (True or false)
True
A fracture in the rocks that make up the earth's crust
Faults
TectonicPlates are massive rocks that make up the outer layer of the earth’s surface and whose movements triggers earthquakes
Seismicwaves are waves that transmit the energy by an earthquake
Epicentre is directly above the focus, the point of the surface of the earth
Focus (Hypocenter) is the point within the earth, where the earthquake rupture starts
The study of earthquakes and seismic waves that move through around the earth
Seismology
Scientists who studies seismology
Seismologist
An instrument that is used to detect and record seismic waves caused by earthquakes
Seismograph
Main; largest earthquake
mainshock
Smaller earthquakes that happen before in the same place as the larger earthquake
foreshocks
Small earthquakes that occur afterwards in the same place as the mainshock
aftershocks
How do we know if a fault is inactive?
If there is NO activity for 10 years
Is a fracture or zone of fractures between two blocks of rock which allows the blocks to move relative to each other
Fault line
Lava inside the volcano
Magma
Where earthquakes, eruptions usually occur
pacific ring of fire
Caused by tension, when rocks get stretched out because of a divergent plate, the hanging wall pushes out/drop down relative to the footwall
Normal fault
Caused by compression of two plates, when the rock gets stretched out because of a divergent plate, the hanging wall moves/raises up relative to the footwall
Reverse fault
Fault exhibits horizontal movements, each side of the rock moves to the left or side relatively to the other
Left-lateral
Fault exhibits horizontal movements, each side of the rock moves to the right or side relatively to the other
Right-lateral
Fault exhibits vertical movements, each side of the rock moves to the down or up side relatively to the other
Dip-slip fault
Is a small step or offset on the ground surface where one side has moved vertically with respect to the other
Fault scarps
The surface along where the plate breaks or slides
faultplane
The visible disturbance on the surface, also referred as fault line
Fault trace
The material that rest above the fault
Hanging wall
The material that rests below the fault
Foot wall
These waves refer to the vibrations that travel through the interior of the earth.
Body wave
These waves push and pull rocks in the direction they are travelling, hence known as compressional waves.
P wave
These waves displace rocks at right angles in the direction they are travelling. They do not pass through liquid and gases.
S wave
These waves refer to vibrations that travel at the surface of the earth
Surface waves
These waves shake the ground side to side
LOVE wave
These waves shake the ground up and down
RAYLEIGH wave
Who made Rayleigh Wave
John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh
Who made LOVE Wave
AugustusEdwardHough Love
The amount of shaking and type of damage, effects and damage (Qualitative)
Intensity
Monitors earthquakes and volcanoes, and provides warnings to people in the affected areas
PHIVOLCS
What does PHIVOLCS mean?
Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology
Intensity Scale
Mercalli Intensity Scale
The measurement of the total strength released by the earthquake. (Does not vary with distance from the epicenter)