Gen bio

• Another 10% of the energy is used to digest food, which requires oxygen and coenzymes to produce energy from ATP.
• Biomolecules, also known as organic molecules or macromolecules, serve as fuel for the metabolism of organisms.
• The four classes of large biomolecules are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
• Macromolecules are large molecules composed of thousands of covalently bonded atoms and their molecular structure and function are inseparable.
• Macromolecules are polymers, built from monomers.
• A polymer is a long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks, known as monomers.
• Three of the four classes of life’s organic molecules are polymers: carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids.
• The word carbohydrate may be broken down to carbon and hydrate.
• Proteins are also called polypeptides.
• Enzymes are very specific as can be seen in their shape.
• Lipids contain chains of hydrocarbons and are grouped together simply because of their hydrophilic property (water-fearing), they are soluble in non-polar solvents such as ether, acetone, and benzene.
• Cholesterol is the most common steroid form, which usually happens in major organs such as brain and blood.
• Fatty acids are long-chain carboxylic acids that are insoluble in water, they can be saturated or unsaturated.
• Different types of proteins are composed of different combinations of amino acids arranged in a specific way.
• Enzymes function to catalyze chemical reactions, either speeding up a reaction, lowering the needed energy for a reaction to take place, or binding substances to their specific partners.
• The configuration of a protein is governed by several factors, namely: H-bonding between amino acids which creates either a helical structure or a pleated sheet, disulfide bonds for amino acids containing sulfur, salt bridges, and hydrophobic and hydrophilic tendencies.
• Saturated fatty acids contain single bonds in its hydrocarbon chain, allow their molecules to fit close together and form strong attraction, they usually have high melting points and are solid at room temperature.
• Unsaturated fatty acids contain double bonds, are bent because of the double bond and are therefore, not as close together as saturated fatty acids, they have a low melting point and are liquid at room temperature.
• Fat and oil are the most common examples of lipids, they are composed of glycerol and three fatty acids, fat refers to solid triglyceride usually from animal sources such as meat, milk, butter, margarine, eggs, and cheese, while oil refers to liquid triglycerides from plant sources such as olive oil, corn oil, sunflower oil, and soybean oil.
• Proteins can acquire many configurations, common examples are α-helix and β-pleated sheets.
• The shapes of proteins include Primary structure, Secondary Structure, Tertiary Structure, and Quaternary structure.
• Lipids can be classified into four categories: wax, triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids.
• Amino acids are joined together with a peptide bond.
• Steroids help in regulating metabolism, immune response, reproduction, and other essential biological processes.
• Sex hormones, such as Testosterone, Progesterone, and Estrogen, are also steroids.
• Carbohydrates are the most abundant of all organic compounds and can be seen as hydrates of carbon.
• The Circadian Rhythm is disrupted when an organism changes certain habits or lifestyles.
• ATP was discovered by two competing teams in Harvard University, Jandrassik and KarlLohmann, and Cyrus Fiske and Yellapragada Subbarow.
• Nucleosides are the building blocks of ATP.
• ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) is the energy currency of life, controlling the amount and timing of energy to be used and released within the cells.
• Non Specific Inhibitors inhibit all enzymes in the same way, causing physical or chemical changes that ultimately denature the protein portion of the enzyme and are therefore irreversible.
• Around 70% of a human’s total energy expenditure is used by the basal of life processes within the tissues and organs.
• Around 20% of a human’s total energy expenditure is used by physical activities.
• Non-Competitors Inhibitors are substances that form strong covalent bonds with an enzyme and may not be displaced by the addition of excess substrate.
• The Circadian Rhythm balances anabolism and catabolism; maintains regular or patterned processes in the body within a 24 hour cycle.
• BMI offers a simple and quick assessment of a person's weight in relation to their height, serving as a useful tool for identifying potential health risks associated with underweight or overweight conditions, such as cardiovascular diseases and diabetes.
• The functions of ATP include chemical work, mechanical work, and transport work.
• BMR (Basal Metabolic Rate) is the minimum amount of energy, usually in the form of calories, which your body requires to complete its normal functions, such as breathing, digesting food, and keeping your heart and brain working.
• Heterotrophs are organisms that obtain energy from other sources, food is actually the source of ATP.
• BMI (Body Mass Index) is a person's proportion in terms of weight (kg) and height (m), calculated by the formula BMI= weight/(height)^2.