Plant anatomy

Cards (27)

  • A plant has meristem in the root tip, shoot tip, axillary buds, and in the cambium
  • Epidermis and periderm prevent water loss and protects the plant. Contains the cuticle
  • Phloem transports organic nutrients
  • Xylem transports water and minerals
  • Parenchyma is responsible for most of the plants metabolism
  • Sclerenchyma has 2 forms: sclereids and fibres. They form supporting structures for already matured organs and they contain lignin
  • Collenchyma is the supporting structure for all young growing organs
  • Primary growth is the continuous growth from the apical bud
  • Secondary growth is the growth from the vascular cambium, it widens the stem
  • Plasmodesmata are the pores in the cell wall that allows direct transport between plant cells
  • Leukoplasts - nutrient storage
    Chromoplasts - contains carotenoids
    Amyloplasts - synthesises starch
    Ethioplasts - pre-stage to chloroplasts
    Protoplasts - plant cells without cell walls
  • Ground tissue is the parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma
  • Vascular tissue is the xylem and phloem
  • Dermal tissue is the epiderm, periderm, and endoderm
  • The root:
    • takes up water, minerals, and nutrients
    • gives the plant stability
    • synthesises hormones
    • If the root is specialized, they it can for example: store carbohydrates, communicate with other plants, and propagate
  • Eudicotyledons have a taproot (dominant primary root)
    Monocotyledons have adventitous roots (smaller fiber like roots)
  • Apoplastic pathway - transportation of nutrients and water through the cell wall (big molecules cannot pass)
  • Symplastic pathway - transportation of nutrients and water through the plasmodesmata
  • Passage cells - transports water and nutrients to pipe network
  • Auxin: Stimulates cell elongation, regulates branching, and regulates bending (gravitropism and phototropism)
  • Cytokinins: Stimulates cell division, stimulates cell differentiation, and promotes axillary bud growth
  • Gibberellins: Promotes stem elongation, helps seeds break dormancy, and enables plant to use stored reserves
  • Abscisic acid: Promotes stomatal closure, and promotes seed dormancy
  • Ethylene: Mediates senescence, leaf abscission, fruit ripening, and enables obstacle avoidance by shoots
  • Brassinosteroids: Induces cell elongation and division
  • Jasmonates: Mediates defences against instects
  • Strigolactones: Regulates apical dominance, regulates seed germination, and regulates mycorrhizal associations