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Plant anatomy
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A plant has meristem in the
root tip
,
shoot tip
,
axillary buds
, and in the
cambium
Epidermis and periderm prevent
water loss
and
protects
the plant. Contains the
cuticle
Phloem transports
organic nutrients
Xylem transports
water
and
minerals
Parenchyma is responsible for most of the plants
metabolism
Sclerenchyma has 2 forms:
sclereids
and
fibres.
They form supporting structures for already
matured organs
and they contain
lignin
Collenchyma
is the supporting structure for all young growing organs
Primary growth is the
continuous
growth from the
apical
bud
Secondary growth is the growth from the
vascular cambium
, it
widens
the stem
Plasmodesmata
are the pores in the cell wall that allows direct transport between plant cells
Leukoplasts
- nutrient storage
Chromoplasts
- contains carotenoids
Amyloplasts
- synthesises starch
Ethioplasts
- pre-stage to chloroplasts
Protoplasts
- plant cells without cell walls
Ground tissue is the
parenchyma
,
collenchyma
, and
sclerenchyma
Vascular tissue is the
xylem
and
phloem
Dermal tissue is the
epiderm
,
periderm
, and
endoderm
The root:
takes up
water
,
minerals
, and
nutrients
gives the plant
stability
synthesises
hormones
If the root is specialized, they it can for example: store
carbohydrates
,
communicate
with other plants, and
propagate
Eudicotyledons have a
taproot
(dominant primary root)
Monocotyledons have
adventitous
roots (smaller fiber like roots)
Apoplastic pathway
- transportation of nutrients and water through the cell wall (big molecules cannot pass)
Symplastic pathway
- transportation of nutrients and water through the plasmodesmata
Passage cells
- transports water and nutrients to pipe network
Auxin: Stimulates cell
elongation
, regulates
branching
, and regulates
bending
(
gravitropism
and
phototropism
)
Cytokinins: Stimulates
cell division
, stimulates
cell differentiation
, and promotes
axillary bud growth
Gibberellins: Promotes
stem elongation
, helps seeds
break dormancy
, and enables plant to use
stored reserves
Abscisic acid: Promotes
stomatal
closure, and promotes seed
dormancy
Ethylene: Mediates
senescence
,
leaf abscission
,
fruit ripening
, and enables
obstacle avoidance
by shoots
Brassinosteroids: Induces
cell elongation
and
division
Jasmonates: Mediates
defences
against instects
Strigolactones: Regulates
apical dominance
, regulates
seed germination
, and regulates
mycorrhizal
associations