Respiration and Photosynthesis

• Respiration: glucose + oxygen --> water + carbon dioxide
• Photosynthesis: carbon dioxide + water --> glucose + oxygen
• Anaerobic respiration: glucose --> lactic acid (C3H6O3)
• The stored energy in respiration comes from the C-H bonds in the glucose.
• Adenine Triphosphate (ATP) can be made from ADP and Pi by ATP synthase.
• Glycolysis is the splitting of glucose.
• The products of glycolysis are 4ATP (net 2ADP), 2NADH, and 2 pyruvate.
• In anaerobic respiration in ethanol fermentation, pyruvate is converted to ethanal (producing CO2) then to ethanol (NADH goes to NAD)
• In anaerobic respiration in lactate fermentation, pyruvate is reduced to lactate (NADH goes to NAD).
• Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm.
• The mitochondria is made up of the outer membrane, inner membrane, the matrix, and cristae.
• Cristae are inner envelope folds. They increase the surface area of the mitochondria.
• The matrix is the part of the cell that holds the DNA and is semi-gel like, and also contains enzymes such as NAD.
• ATP synthase on the inner membrane.
• Link reaction happens in aerobic conditions and requires oxygen and ATP. It goes 2pyruvate + 2NAD +2CoA --> 2CO2 + 2NADH + 2acetyl CoA
• Krebs cycle occurs in the mitochondira.
• Acetyl CoA from the Links reaction is used in the Krebs cycle.
• Oxaloacetate and acetyl CoA are used to make citrate (6C) , and the cycle goes 5C, 4C, 4C, 4C. The other products are NADH, NADH, ATP, FADH and NADH.
• Substrate level phosphorylation is the process of adding a phosphate group to a molecule (eg. ADP to ATP)
• Alternative fuels for the krebs cycle can be fatty acids, glycerol or amino acids
• The electron transport chain uses energy released by electrons moving down an electrochemical gradient to produce ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.
• Oxidative phosphorylation is the formation of ATP by adding Pi to ADP using energy released from the ETC.
• Auto- on its own
• Hetero- different
• Chemo- chemical
• Sapro- decay
• Troph- nutrient, feeding
• Chloroplasts contain granum, outer membrane, inner membrane, stroma, lumen, and thylakoids.
• Lots of grana in the chloroplasts provides a large surface area for photosystems.
• Photosynthetic pigments harvests light for photophosphorylation.
• Proteins in grana hold the photosystems in place.
• Fluid filled stroma has enzymes for the Calvin cycle, starch, DNA and ribosomes.
• Grana surrounded by stroma is where the products of LDR goes to LIR.
• Chloroplasts contain DNA/ ribosomes which produce the enzymes used in LIR.
• Endosymbiont theory: The theory that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved from symbiotic bacteria.
• Photolysis : splitting of water molecules by light energy, releasing H+ ions, electrons and oxygen.
• Photophosphorylation : production of ATP using light.
• Light dependent reaction requires light and goes in the thylakoids.
• Photosystems are made of accessory pigments, photosynthetic pignments and proteins.
• In photosystem 2:

  1. Photons enter chlorophyll A which excites electrons, which leaves to make chlorophyll A positive.
  2. The excited electrons move to an electron transport chain, which pushes H+ ions into the lumen.
  3. H+ ions moves (chemiosmosis) through ATP synthase to form ATP in the stroma by photophosphorylation. NADP is reduced to NADPH.
  4. At the same time, light is splitting H2O by photolysis into H+, e- (back to chlorophyll A) and oxygen (moves out by osmosis)