Ethics

• How many main ethical issues are listed?

  5
• What are the 5 main ethical issues?

  • Valid consent
  • Deception
  • Risk of harm
  • Confidentiality
  • Risk to participant's values, beliefs, relationships, status or privacy
• What does the definition of valid consent include?

  Providing information to participant
• Why might fully informed consent not be possible in some studies?

  If deception is necessary
• Why might researchers use field experiments?

  Participants do not know they taking part
• How can researchers formally indicate participants' agreement to participate?

  Sign a document
• What is a drawback of participants signing a document?

  It could lower the validity of results
• What does full consent not guarantee?

  That participants fully understand what is involved
• What is an alternative method to gain consent?

  Presumptive consent
• What does presumptive consent involve?

  Gaining consent off a small group
• What should the small group represent?

  The target population
• What is deception in research?

  Withholding information or misleading participants
• What does deception prevent?

  Informed consent
• What is the goal of deception?

  To get unbiased data
• What needs to be weighed up when considering deceiving participants?

  Benefits of the study against the cost
• What should participants be given after the study?

  A debrief
• What is revealed in a debrief?

  The true nature of the study
• What form of consent can a debriefing lead to?

  Retrospective consent
• What does a retrospective consent do?

  Discuss any concerns
• What is the purpose of a post-research interview?

  Inform participants of the true nature
• Why can't debriefing always resolve ethical issues?

  Participants may still feel affected
• What is the goal of debriefing in terms of participant state?

  Restore them to the state before
• What else is debriefing used for by researchers?

  Gain feedback about their research
• Who conducted the Stanford Prison Experiment?

  1. Philip G. Zimbardo
• What year was the Stanford Prison Experiment?

  1971
• What effects should we minimise in research?

  Psychological and physical effects
• What state should participants leave the research in?

  Same psychological and physical state
• What level of risks should researchers avoid?

  Risks greater than experienced in everyday life
• What should happen if harm is suspected?

  The study should be stopped
• What right should participants know they have?

  The right to withdraw
• When might harm be judged?

  Later
• When can a participant stop participating?

  At any time
• Under what condition can participants stop participating?

  If they are uncomfortable in any way
• Why is it difficult to protect confidentiality?

  Researcher will want to publish the results
• What is the risk of not using participants' names?

  Sometimes it is obvious who may be involved
• How can researchers avoid recording participant's names?

  Use false names or numbers
• What is the problem with using false names or numbers?

  It is still possible to work out who
• What broader range of impacts must psychologists consider?

  Impacts on their participant
• What should researchers ensure regarding participants' attitudes and values?

  That they are not demeaned
• What should researchers ensure regarding participants' association with others?

  That they are not damaged