topic 3

• the 3 domains : eubacteria archaea eukaryota
• limitations of the term species: cross breading, meaning hybrid species are produced, which is not specified in the rem. Also, there may be no interbreeding due to geographical isolation
• gel electrophoresis : separates DNA fragments by size and type of nucleotide.

  1. in a tank of agarose gel create wells in which DNA fragments are placed
  2. submerge the gel in an electrolyte solution
  3. apply an electrical current into the tank, the positive charge opposite the DNA fragements
  4. the shorter, the quicker the DNA fragments will move out of the gel wells
• index of biodiversity : measure of the number of species in an area compared to the number of species in the world. Total number of all species OVER total number of each species
• ex situ : outside of the natural habitat of a species, usually in a laboratory or a zoo
• ex situs which are used are :

  captive breeding programs (endangered species are specifically bred)

  reintroduction programs (releasing bred in captivity animals into their natural habitats)

  seed banks (storing large number of seeds for genetic diversity)
• in situ : keeping the animals in their natural habitats
• in situ examples : national parks (conserve habitats and biodiversity)
• anatomical adaptations : internal and external physical adaptations
• behavioural adaptations : changes in behaviour to help an organism survive in a particular environment
• physiological adaptations : changes in enzymes or hormones to adapt to the environment
• abiotic factors : non-living things that affect living things
• biotic factors : living things that affect other living things
• allopatric speciation : when a population splits, geographically from a parent population and evolves into a new species
• sympatric speciation : when a population splits into two separate species that are reproductively isolated
• water potential = turgor pressure + osmotic potential
• Hypertonic = more solute than cell, water moves out of cell, cell shrinks
• Isotonic = same concentration of solutes in the two solutions, so the net movement of water is zero
• Hypotonic = water moves into the cell, cell swells up and bursts
• classification order:

  domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
• the scientific community evaluates data by using peer review, scientific conferences and publications.
• the five kingdom model relys heavily on physical observations, rather than genome make up
• the three domain model takes into account genome makeup, for example, the ribosomal subunit sizes
• an advantage to ex -situ conservation is it requires very little space but it can be very expensive
• an advantage to in-situ conservation is protects more than one species at once and there are very few resources required but it is hard to get this legislation.
• genetic drift occurs when allele frequencies change due to random sampling error during reproduction