sociologists (full)

• Gewirtz - parentocracy?

  Introducing a parentocracy favours the middle class

  • idenitified three types of choosers
• Ball - parentocracy?

  Coined the phrase, suggested marketisation creates this and perpetuates inequality
• Ball - privatisation?

  Suggests companies expect to make up to 10x as much profit from education than other contracts
• Beder - Privatisation?

  UK families spent £110,000 in Tesco supermarkets in return for a single computer for schools
• Hall - Privatisation?

  Sees the coalition government policies (austerity) as part of the 'long march of the neoliberal revolution'

  Privatisation/competition is a myth used to legitimate turning education into profit
• Hancock - globalisation?

  Estimated education exports from Britain by schools, universities etc to 'priority markets' abroad such as Brazil/China/Turkey were worth £18 billion to the UK economy each year
• Alexander - globalisation?

  • PISA and TIMSS tables led to educational, economic and political moral panics over the state of British education and a search for miracle cures
  • Identified labour's national literacy and numeracy strategy and the coalition slimmed curriculum as examples of policies implemented as a result of international comparisons
• Oates - globalisation?

  Argues for international school comparisons, suggesting it is helpful to show what is humanly possible for young people to achieve at different ages
• Kelly - globalisation?

  Suggests it has meant education is primarily an economic activity concerned with preparing people for work and meeting the needs of the economy/employers
• Durkheim - role of education?

  • Functionalist
  • 2 main functions:
  • specialist skills and knowledge
  • maintaining social solidarity
• Parsons - role of education?

  • Functionalist
  • Education is a bridge between home and work
  • Education is a meritocracy
  • Four factors: ascribed status, achieved status, particularistic standards, universalistic standards
• Davis and Moore - role of education?

  • Role allocation - education sorts us according to ability, with the most able gaining higher qualifications and positions
  • Inequality is necessary to ensure the important roles in society are filled by the most capable
• Blau and Duncan - role of education?

  • Functionalist
  • Argues a modern economy depends on human capital for prosperity
• Chubb and Moe - role of education?

  • New Right
  • Called for marketisation into state education through a voucher system, in theory to prevent 'silt-shifting'/'cream-skimming'
• Althusser - role of education?

  • Marxist
  • Suggests the state uses ideological state apparatus to keep power, maintained through media etc but notably education
• Bowles and Gintis - role of education?

  • Marxist
  • Correspondence principle: schools are organised to achieve what the bourgeoisie want in the workplace, students learn to do what they are told or face consequences
  • Schooling produces obedient workers
  • Students with creativity/independence recieve low grades, those with obedience/discipline gain higher ones
• Cohen - role of education?

  • Marxist
  • Youth training schemes serve capitalism by teaching young workers the attitude need in a subordinate labour force - lowers aspirations so the proletariat accept low paid work
• Paul Willis - role of education?

  • Neo-marxist
  • Studied 12 working class boys
  • Concluded the working class do not live in a false class consciousness, but actively rebel against education, just ending up in the same place
• Hubbs-Tait et al - class achievement?

  Where parents use language that challenges their children's understanding, this enhances cognitive peformance
• Feinstein - class achievement?

  • Argues parent's education is the most important factor affecting children's achievement
  • Middle class parents socialise their children through income, parenting style, education behaviours etc
• Douglas - class achievement?

  • found working class parents place less value on education
  • less ambitious for their children, visited schools less often, and thus children had lower motivation and achievement
• Keddie - class achievement?

  • describes cultural deprivation as a 'myth' and a victim-blaming explanation, refuting that school achievement cannot be blamed on a culturally deprived background as a child cannot be deprived of their own culture
• Becker - class achievement?

  • interactionist
  • interviewed 60 chicago teachers
  • found the 'ideal student' stereotpe with work, conduct and being middle class were seen as ideal
• Sharp & Green - class achievement?

  support interactionist views that labelling depends on backgrounds, but suggested further that negative labels on working-class children echoes wider society
• Gillborn & Youdell - class achievement?

  In teacher predictions of 5A*-C grades at GCSE, working class/black students were thought to be lower ability, streamed at lower sets, and entered for lower tier GCSEs
• Douglas - class achievement?

  Children placed in a higher stream at age 8 had an improved IQ by age 11, the opposite being true for low streams
• Lacey - class achievement?

  Proposed two definitions for pupil behaviours: differentiation and polarisation
• Hargreaves - class achievements?

  Found lower stream bots in a secondary modern school were triple failures: failed the 11+, been placed in low streams, and had been labelled 'worthless louts'
• Furlong - class achievements?

  Found pupils are not committed to one response but may move between them with different classes and teachers
• Evans - class achievement?

  Studied 21 working class alevel girls at a london comprehensive, found they were reluctant to apply to Oxford due to hidden barriers and not fitting in
• Bordieu - class achievement?

  Many working class students think of Oxbridge as being 'not for the likes of us'
• Reay et al - class achievement?

  self-exclusion from elite or distant universities narrows the options of many working-class pupils and limits their success
• Gillborn & Mirza - ethnicity?

  Indian pupils do well despite not having english as their first language
• Moynihan - ethnicity?

  • Argues that because many black familise are female lone-parent families, children are deprived of care
  • The woman is forced to be a breadwinner and children lack a male of male achievement - this becomes cyclical
• Murray - ethnicity?

  Argues a high rate of lone parenthood and lack of a male role model leads to the underachievement of minorities
• David - ethnicity?

  Describes the National Curriculum as a 'specifically British' curriculum that largely ignores non-European language and music
• Ball - ethnicity?

  Criticises National Curriculum for ignoring ethnic diversity and for promoting an attitude of 'little Englandism'
• Gillborn - ethnicity?

  Argues marketisation gives schools more scope to select pupils, it allows negative stereotypes to influence decisions about school admissions
• Moore & Davenport - ethnicity?

  • Researched how selection procedures lead to ethnic segregation, with minority pupils failing to get into better secondary schools due to discrimination
  • They found primary school reports were used to screen out pupils with language difficulties, the application was difficult to understand
• Mirza - ethnicity?

  Studied ambitious black girls who didn't achieve their aims