oral communication

• Functions of Communication refer to how humans use language for different purposes.
• There are five common functions of language: regulation/control, social interaction, motivation, information, and emotional expression.
• Regulation/Control: Communication can be used to control the behavior of human beings.
• Social Interaction: Communication can be used to produce social interaction and develop relationships.
• Motivation: Communication can be used to express desires, needs, wants, likes and dislikes, inclinations, choices, and aspirations.
• Topic refers to what is being talked about, while content refers to the general objects, actions, and relations that are being discussed.
• Opinions can be about regulation/control, information, motivation, or emotional expression
• States refer to the way people or things are, what they are like, the condition they are in, where they are, the position they have taken up.
• Actions, unlike events, are usually performed by human or animate instigators, they are usually the result of intention on the part of an agent.
• Context refers to how people understand and choose from alternative linguistic forms in order to reach their communication goals.
• Duration of interaction refers to the extent or length of time that communication occurs between two or more parties.
• The duration of interaction in speech context depends on the intent of communication, such as intrapersonal or interpersonal communication.
• Events refer to things that happen, there is no stated human or other animate instigator of an event, they simply occur.
• Function refers to the reasons why people communicate, such as transmitting ideas, sharing information, passing messages, etc.
• The duration of interaction in speech style depends on the intent of communication, such as the length of speech required or the audience being addressed.
• Formal style uses formal words and expressions and is more common in writing
• Speech acts can be analyzed on three levels: locutionary act, illocutionary act, and perlocutionary act
• A speech act is an utterance that has performative function in language and communication
• Consultative style involves unplanned speech with participation and feedback from the listener
• There are five types of speech styles: Frozen, Formal, Consultative, Casual, and Intimate
• Frozen style is the highest form of communicative style used in formal situations
• Intimate style is used between close individuals with an economy of words and high nonverbal communication
• Speech style refers to the form of language used by a speaker and is characterized by the level of formality
• Casual style is used between friends or insiders for easy participation and sharing
• Illocutionary acts can be classified as representatives or directives
• Expressing an opinion has different functions depending on the purpose and setting
• Informative speeches: Teacher explaining earthquakes, Student presenting research, Travelogue about the Tower of London, Computer programmer discussing new software.
• Morphology: Examines how words are formed and their internal structure, including the addition of prefixes and suffixes.
• Phonology: Study of speech sounds and their categorization in a language, including phonemes and how they change when combined.
• Demonstrative speeches: Becoming an organ donor, Improving health through better eating, Addressing the negative influence of television violence on children, Becoming a volunteer and making a difference.
• Content: Refers to the topics and ideas encoded in linguistic messages, encompassing thoughts, desires, events, stories, etc.
• Syntax: Refers to the rules governing how words combine to create meaningful utterances, including phrases and clauses.
• Entertaining speeches: Excuses for any occasion, Explaining cricket to an American, Buying a condom discreetly, Things you wouldn't know without movies.
• Language form: Refers to the shape, structure, and organization of language, including morphology, syntax, and phonology.
• Restriction: A communicative strategy that constrains or restricts the response of the other person involved in the communication situation
• Topic Control: Keeping the interaction going by asking questions and eliciting a response
• Expressives: Speech acts that express the speaker's attitudes and emotions towards the proposition
• Instructive Speech: A speech that provides instructions or guidance to the audience
• Commissives: Speech acts that commit a speaker to some future action
• Termination: Using verbal and/or nonverbal signals to end the interaction