1: HISTORY OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY PROFESSION/ IN THE PH

• Medical Technology


  Is a branch of the allied health professions that deals with the study of various disciples such as chemistry, microbiology, parasitology, blood banking, hematology, clinical microscopy, histology, and histopathology, among others.
• What is Medical Technologts?

  Medical Technologists, also known as clinical laboratory technologists, perform and analyze the results of complex scientific tests on blood and bodily fluids. These highly trained professionals work in hospitals and independent laboratories sing sophisticated procedures and equipment
• Hippocrates of Kos


  Father of MedicineAuthor of Hippocratic oath300 BC-180 AD-tasting urine, listening to the lungs and observing outward appearances in the diagnosis of disease.__//-appearance of bubbles, blood and pus in urine (Kidney disease and chronic illness)
• Claudios Galen of Pergamum


  Greek philosopher and physicianFather of Experimental Physiology-described Diabetes (diarrhea of urine)__//-Established the relationship bet. Fluid intake and urine volume
• Measurement of body fluids


  Qualitative assessment of disorder through measurement of _______?__//
• BLOODYELLOW BILEPHLEGMBLACK BILE


  4 humors: (4 elements)__//
• Rufus of Ephesus


  first description of hematuria (blood in the urine), attributed to failure of kidneys to function properly in filtering the blood.__//
• Hot + Moist = BLOODHot + Dry = YELLOW BILECold + Moist = PHLEGMCold + Dry = BLACK BILE

  4 Humors Theory
• MIDDLE AGES


  Early Christians believed that disease was either a punishment for a sin or a result of witchcraft or possession.
• Basic therapy

  PRAYER, PENITENCE AND INVOCATION OF SAINTS.
• LAY MEDICINE


  based their diagnosis on symptoms, exam. Pulse, palpitation, percussion and inspection of excreta or semen.
• Isaac Judaeus


  Jewish physician and philosopher, devised guidelines for the use of urine as a diagnostic aid
• UROSCOPY


  "Water casting" - historical medical practice of visually examining a patient's urine for pus, blood, or other symptoms of disease - patients submits specimen in a decorative flasks Physicians who failed to examine the wine -+ PUBLIC BEATINGS (Jerusalem Code of 1090)
• Zacharias Janssen


  Opened the doors for scientists who wanted to explore the invisible world we live in and further understand the disease causation.
• Jassen Microscope

  -Objective-Eyepiece

  
• 900 AD


  1st book characteristics of urine (e.g. color, density, quality)
• Early 11th century


  Medical practitioners not allowed to conduct physical exam of the patient's body, relied on the patient description of symptoms and their observation
• 18th century


  Medical techniques and cadaver dissection (accurate diagnosis)
• 19th century


  Physicians began using machines for diagnosis or therapeutics
• 1969


  80%- medical professionals were non-physicians, impelled the need for technicians to be proficient in the use of technology
• Spirometer


  John Hutchinson__//Use/Measures:Vital capacity of lungs
• Sphygmomanometer


  Jules Herrison Use/Measures:Blood pressure
• RESPIROMETER

  - Respiratory Exerciser - A respirometer or incentive spirometer is a device used to help us to keep our lungs healthy. It helps us to take slow, deep breaths to expand and fill our lungs with air. This helps prevent lung problems, such as pneumonia. - The incentive spirometer is made up of a breathing tube, an air chamber, and an indicator (here 3 colored balls). Regular exercise help to open our airways, prevent fluid or mucus from building up in our lungs, and make it easier for us to breathe
• STETHOSCOPE


  - Rene Laennec (1816) - used to acquire information about the lungs and heartbeats
• MICROSCOPE


  - Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1840) - Developed for medical purposes due to advances in lenses and lower costs- instrument that produces enlarged images of small objects, allowing the observer an exceedingly close view of minute structures at a scale convenient for examination and analysis
• OPHTHALMOSCOPE


  - Hermann von Helmholz (1850) - First visual technology - instrument for inspecting the interior of the eye
• LARYNGOSCOPE


  - Manuel Garcia (1855) - Using 2 mirrors to observe the throat and larynx
• X-ray


  -Wilhelm Roentgen (1859) - Discovered by accident that radiation could penetrate solid objects of low density - Allow physicians to view without surgery - Used to dx pneumonia, pleurisy, tuberculosis since WWII
• ELECTROCARDIOGRAPH


  - William Einthoven (1903) - Measure electrical charges during the beating of the heart
• KENNY METHOD


  - Elizabeth Kenny (1910) - Pioneering work for Physical Therapy - Treatment for Polio (infantile paralysis) - use hot packs and muscle manipulation
• SYLVIA STRETCHER


  - New stretcher (1927) - Transporting patients in shock
• DRINKER RESPIRATOR

  - Philip Drinker (1927) - Help patients with paralytic anterior poliomyelitis recover normal respiration with the assistance of artificial respirator
• HEART-LUNG MACHINE


  - Hermann von Helmholz (1939) - a machine that temporarily takes over the functions of the heart and lungs, especially during heart surgery
• Heart Lung Machine


  - A device used in open heart surgery to support the body during the surgical procedure while the heart is stopped. - The heart-lung machine is often referred to as the "pump", and does the work of the heart and lungs during the operation
• CARDIAC CATHETERIZATION AND ANGIOGRAPHY

  - First operated by Forsmann (1929) - Developed by Moniz, Reboul, Rousthol (1930-1940) - discovered as safe method by Cournard (1941) - made seeing the heart, lung vessels, and valves possible through inserting the cannula in an arm vein and into the heart with an injection of radiopaque dye for x-ray visualization.
• ELECTRON MICROSCOPE

  - First prototype= 400 power magnification: Ernst Ruska and Max Knoll (1931) - Visualization of small cells including tumor cells
• TOMOGRAPHY and MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING

  -Adaptation of computers- TOMOGRAPHY: Godfrey Hounsfield (1972) - MRI: Raymond Damadian (1977) - First person to do full body scan of a human being
• ANTONIE VAN LEEUWENHOEK

  - 1660 - Father of Microbiology Microscope
• EDWARD JENNER

  1796 - Vaccination to establish immunity to small pox - Impact: Immunology
• MARIE FRANCOIS XAVIER BICHAT


  - 1880 - Identified organs by their types of tissues - Impact: Histology