a&p lab final

• to determine the blood type of an individual, their blood is mixed with a solution called antiserum and observed for the presence or lack of agglutination
• when blood typing, the reaction of antiserum with blood (clumping vs no clumping) helps you determine the antigens that are present or absent on the surface of the erythrocytes
• hemoglobin is made up of heme (carries oxygen) and globin (protein)
• the 2 types of phagocytic WBCs are neutrophils and monocytes
• neutrophils respond to...

  • acute infections
  • tissue damage caused by bacteria
• the granules in eosinophils stain orange with eosin
• eosinophils produce anti-parasitic toxins
• basophils contain histamine and produce allergic reactions
• basophils produce heparin (an anticoagulant)
• basophils are related to "mast cells" in tissues
• monocytes are referred to as the "clean-up crew" because they eat and destroy foreign particles
• monocytes respond to chronic infections
• most WBCs can respond to an injury by chemotaxis (movement toward a chemical)
• erythrocytes and thrombocytes both lack a nucleus
• Blood Pathology

  Plasmodium Vivax: Insect transmitted parasite that causes malaria
• Blood Pathology

  Plasmodium Falciparum: Parasite that causes malaria and can affect a greater number of RBCs
• Blood Pathology

  Leukemia:

  • Cancer of myeloid tissue in bone
  • Produces large amounts of WBCs
• Blood Pathology

  Sickle Cell Anemia:

  • Genetic disease
  • Sickle cell hemoglobin does not bind with oxygen very well
  • RBCs become elongated, pointed, and “sticky”
• Blood Pathology

  Trypanosoma Cruzi: Insect transmitted protozoa that can enter tissues and destroy cells
• The heart has 3 layers:

  1. Endocardium (lines the inside & covers valves)
  2. Myocardium (thickest layer made up of cardiac muscle)
  3. Epicardium (outer thin layer)
• the right side of the heart conducts pulmonary circulation and the left side of the heart conducts systemic circulation
• A.V. Valves

  tricuspid valve is on the right side

  bicuspid valve is on the left side
• Semilunar Valves

  pulmonary valve is on the right side

  aortic valve is on the left side
• Cardiac Conduction System Pathway

  1. Sinoatrial (S.A.) Node (Pacemaker) ↓
  2. Atrioventricular (A.V.) Node ↓
  3. A.V. Bundle (Bundle of His) ↓
  4. Bundle Branches ↓
  5. Purkinje Fibers
• Ductus Arteriosus (in fetus) becomes the Ligamentum Arteriosum (in adults)
• Foramen Ovale (in fetus) becomes the Fossa Ovalis (in adults)
• when the smooth muscle of an artery contracts, it results in vaso - constriction
• when the smooth muscle of an artery relaxes, it results in vaso - dilation.
• large arteries are more elastic, while medium and small arteries are more muscular