LECTURE 6: BASIC CONCEPTS ON LABORATORY BIOSAFETY AND BIOSECURITY

• clinical laboratory


  contains a variety of safety hazards - many of which are capable of producing serious injury or life-threatening diseases.
• laboratory safety precautions


  are of utmost importance in the medical technology practice.
• North America and Western Europe.


  Tracing back the history of laboratory biosafety and biosecurity, it originates from
• Cold War (around 1947)


  The practice of laboratory biosafety was strictly administered and this continued until the
• Franklin Roosevelt


  à Former U.S. President that ordered the strict adherence to laboratory biosafety
• Richard Nixon


  à also Former U.S. President, terminated the U.S. biological weapons program in 1969
• Ira L. Baldwin


  à became the first scientific director of Camp Detrick (eventually became Fort Detrick)He was tasked with establishing the biological weapons program for defensive purposes to enable the US to respond if attacked by such weapons.
• Camp Detrick


  became the primary or permanent installation of biological research and development after the Second World War.
• Newell A. Johnson


  He designed modifications for biosafety at Fort Detrick.He also engaged some of Camp Detrick’s leading scientists about the nature of their work, o and developed specific technical solutions such as Class III safety cabinets and laminar flow hoods to address specific risks. Their consequent meetings led to the formation of the American Biological Safety Association (ABSA) in 1984.
• Arnold Wedum


  à He described the use of mechanical pipettors to prevent Laboratory Acquired Infections (LAI) in 1907 and 1908.
• Ventilated cabinets


  early progenitors to the nearly ubiquitous engineered control now known as the Biological Safety Cabinet, were also first documented outside the US biological weapons program
• 1909


  a pharmaceutical company in Pennsylvania developed a ventilated cabinet to prevent infection from mycobacterium tuberculosis
• tuberculosis


  It is the causative agent for
• vaccination


  increasing mortality rate of smallpox, WHO aggressively pursued the eradication of the virus through
• Center for Disease Control and Prevention


  CDC
• State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR

  SRCVB VECTOR
• CDC

  published the Classification of Etiological Agents on the Basis of Hazard - it introduced the concept of establishing ascending levels of containment associated with risks in handling groups of infectious microorganisms that present similar characteristics.
• National Institutes of Health (NIH)


  of the United States published the NIH Guidelines for Research Involving Recombinant DNA Molecules
• four ascending levels of physical containment.


  It explained in great detail the microbiological practices, equipment, and facility necessarily corresponding to
• WHO's first edition of Laboratory Biosafety Manual (1983) and the CDC and NIH's


  jointly published first edition of the Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (1984), marked the development of the practice of laboratory biosafety
• Biosafety levels


  are the technical means of mitigating the risk of accidental infection from or release of agents in the laboratory setting as well as the community and environment it is situated in
• biosafety officers


  This progress in biosafety practice continued until the emergence of a community of "______________" who adopted the administrative role of ensuring that proper equipment and facility controls are in place based on the specified biosafety level of the laboratory.
• ARNOLD WEDUM


  The director of Industrial Health and Safety at the US Army Biological Research Laboratories in 1944Recognized as one of the pioneers of biosafety that provided the foundation for evaluating the risks of handling infectious microorganisms and for recognizing biological hazards and developing practices, equipment, and facility safeguards for their control.
• Wedum and microbiologist Morton Reitman


  In 1966, ___________ colleagues at Fort Detrick, analyzed multiple epidemiological studies of laboratory-based outbreaks.
• Select Agent Regulations


  The US government enacted the ________ to monitor the transfer of a select list of biological agents from one facility to another.
• Amerithrax


  Slightly after the terrorist attacks and the anthrax attacks of 2001, also known as __________, the US government changed its perspective
• revised Select Agent Regulations


  then required specific security measures for any facility in the United States that used or stored one or more agents on the newer, longer list of agents
• September 18


  he Anthrax attacks in the US took place 1 week after the 9/11 terrorist attacks of the Twin Towers - specifically
• Tom Daschle and Patrick Leahy


  (When letters containing the bacterial spores of anthrax were mailed to several news media offices and also to democratic senators.It killed 5 people and infected 17 others.
• inhaling


  Mode of Transmission for one to get infected with anthrax bacilli is through __________ the bacterial spores.By then, the anthrax attacks / anthrax bacilli became a biological weapon for terrorists.
• The revision of the Select Agent Regulations

  in 2012 sought to address the creation of two tiers of select agents.
• Tier 1 agents


  are materials that pose the greatest risk of deliberate misuse, and the remaining select agents
• Bacillus anthracis


  - Anthrax
• Yersinia pestis


  - Plague
• Francisella tularensis


  - Tularemia
• Clostridium botulinum


  - Botulism
• Variola major


  - Smallpox
• Ebola and Marburg viruses


  - Viral hemorrhagic fevers
• SINGAPORE


  Biological Agents and Toxins Act (2005) o It is similar in scope with the US regulations but with more severe penalties for noncompliance.
• SOUTH KOREA


  Act on Prevention of Infectious Diseases in 2005 It was amended to require institutions that work with listed "highly dangerous pathogens" to implement laboratory biosafety and biosecurity requirements to prevent the loss, theft, diversion, release or misuse of these agents.