[SCIENCE] Q2 Exam

• A type of vegetative propagation where a plant grows along the ground, sending up new shoots from its roots.
• Centrioles help organize DNA when the cell makes more copies of itself.
• Shoot or Offshoot

  A type of vegetative propagation where a plant grows a new shoot from its existing stem.
• Suckers

  A type of vegetative propagation where a plant grows new shoots from its roots.
• Tuber

  A type of vegetative propagation where a plant grows a new shoot from its roots, forming a swollen stem.
• Bulb

  A type of vegetative propagation where a plant grows a new shoot from its roots, forming a swollen stem.
• Corm

  A type of vegetative propagation where a plant grows a new shoot from its roots, forming a swollen stem.
• Hans and Zacharias Janssen produced the first compound microscope using 2 convex lenses and a tube.
• Robert Hooke used Janssen’s microscope and discovered the cellular composition of a cork.
• Antonie van Leeuwenhoek discovered polishing lenses made the magnification in microscopes higher.
• Leeuwenhoek made a still primitive microscope, but zoomed more than Janssens.
• Leeuwenhoek was the first to see actual living cells and discovered the presence of bacteria and protozoans, which he referred to as “animalcules”.
• The eyepiece lens is the lens at the top that you look through in a microscope.
• The revolving nosepiece or turret in a microscope holds two or more objective lenses and can be rotated to easily change power/magnification.
• The objective lens in a microscope is a lens that receives light from the object to form a magnified image that you view through the eyepiece.
• The low power objective (LPO) in a microscope is used for scanning.
• The high power objective (HPO) in a microscope is used for a more enlarged image.
• The stage with stage clips in a microscope is the surface on which the slide is placed and has clips that are used to hold the slide on the stage.
• The adjustment knobs in a microscope are used for focusing the microscope and move the stage or objectives upward or downward.
• The coarse adjustment knob in a microscope is used for quick focusing and is usually used with the LPO.
• The fine adjustment knob in a microscope is used to fine focus the image when viewing at the higher magnifications.
• The tube in a microscope connects the eyepiece to the objective lenses.
• Plastids are double-membraned organelles found in plant cells, bacteria, and some protozoans, such as chloroplasts.
• Robert Brown discovered a dark stained structure in the middle of the cell and called it the “nucleus” in 1831.
• The nucleus is the control or command center of the cell, containing genetic material (DNA), RNA, and proteins.
• Cytoplasm is the largest part of the cell, where organelles are suspended.
• The cell membrane permits substances to pass through, separates one cell to another, and gives shape to the cell.
• Centrioles are organelles for movement in cell division.
• The cell wall is found in plant cells, fungi, bacteria, and other protozoans, making the cell rigid and containing cellulose.
• Theodor Schwann proposed that all animals are made up of cells in 1839.
• Centrioles

  organelles for movement in cell division.
• Robert Hooke coined the term, “cell” upon looking at a piece of cork under a microscope in 1665.
• The Golgi apparatus or Golgi complex stores, modifies and packages proteins, with molecules transported to and from the Golgi by means of vesicles.
• The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the highway of the cell, a channel for protein production and transport, with ribosome (rough ER) and without ribosome (smooth ER).
• Cells can self-reproduce.
• Matthias Schleiden proposed that all plants are made up of cells in 1838.
• Lysosomes are the garbage disposal of the cell, breaking and degrading substances or worn out organelles using enzymes.
• Vacuoles store water, carbohydrates, proteins, and salts, and vesicles are responsible for storage and transport of materials in between cells, as well as onto and from the cell surface.
• Rudolph Virchow stated that “All cells come from preexisting cells” in 1855.
• Mitochondria are the powerhouse of the cell and energy generators, harnessing energy from the food (ATP).