LESSON 14: DISEASES OF THE 21ST CENTURY

• Infectious diseases


  are now spreading geographically much faster than at any time in history.*Since the 1970s, newly emerging diseases have been identified at the unprecedented rate of one or more per year
• SPORADIC


  → normally absent in a population;they occur a single isolated cases
• ENDEMIC


  → they occur frequently in a specificgeographical location or population group
• EPIDEMIC


  → widespread occurance of a diseasesand it affects many individual in a particular location at a given time
• PANDEMIC


  → several countries are affected by anepidemic diseases
• EPIDEMIC-PRONE DISEASES

  -Cholera-Yellow fever-Epidemic meningococcal diseases-SARS-Avian Influenzao Raised new scientific challengeso Caused major human sufferingo Imposed enormous economic damage-Ebola-Marburg Hemorrhage fever-Nipah viruso pose threats to global public health security o Require containment at their source
• FOODBORNE DISEASES

  Trading of contaminated food bet. Countries- increases potential outbreaks will spread*Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) associated with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)
• ACCIDENTAL AND DELIBERATE OUTBREAKS


  -Accidental release of infectious agents-Breaches in biosafety measures-Chemical or Nuclear accidents-Sudden environmental changes-Anthrax letters (USA, 2001)
• WHAT ARE THE TOXIC CHEMICAL ACCIDENTS

  1. WEST AFRICA, 20062. SOUTHERN EUROPE, 1981
• WEST AFRICA, 2006


  dumping of 500 tons of petrochemical waste → 8 deaths, 90,000 affected
• SOUTHERN EUROPE, 1981


  poisoned cooking oil adulterated w. industrial rapeseed oil; 203 died; no cure to reverse the adverse effects
• RADIONUCLEAR ACCIDENTS


  1. EASTERN EUROPE, 1986
• EASTERN EUROPE, 1986

  Chernobyl disaster
• ENVIRONMENTAL DISASTERS

  1. EUROPE, 20032. CENTRAL AFRICA, 1986
• EUROPE, 2003


  Heatwave → 35,000 deaths
• CENTRAL AFRICA, 1986


  carbon dioxide poisoning → 1700 diedo Massive release of gas from Lake Nyos
• Var. Creutzfeld Jacob Disease

  Infectious Agent:Prion Agent and BSE
• Viruses

  -Hantavirus -Hepatitis B -Hepatitis C -HIV-HTLV-Papilioma-Dengue-West Nile Fever
• Chronic renal failure


  Viruses:Hantavirus
• Chronic hepatitis, hepatoma


  Viruses:Hepatitis BHepatitis C
• AIDS


  Viruses:HIV
• Lymphoma


  Viruses:HTLV
• Cervical carcinoma


  Viruses:Papilioma
• Extension of risk area


  Viruses:Dengue
• Encephalitis with ↑ mortality: US, Israel, etc.


  Viruses:West Nile Fever
• Bacteria


  -Helicobacter pylori-Mycobacterium tuberculosis-Multidrug resistance: salmonella spp, shigella spp, staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus pneumoniae, enterococcus faecalis
• Peptic ulcer, gastric carcinoma


  Bacteria:Helicobacter pylori
• Reactivation tuberculosis


  Bacteria:Mycobacterium tuberculosis
• Increased morbidity and mortality


  Bacteria:Multidrug resistance: salmonella spp, shigella spp, staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus pneumoniae, enterococcus faecalis
• Parasites


  -Trypanosoma cruzi-Plasmodium falciparum
• Chronic Chagas disease

  Parasites:Trypanosoma cruzi
• Extension of malaria

  Parasites:Plasmodium falciparum
• SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME (SARS)


  -Viral infection in humans caused by the SARS coronavirus (SARS-coV)-Spread by respiratory dropletsSymptoms: fever, flu-like fever, chills and body achesTx; ribavirin and corticosteroids
• ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME (AIDS)


  -Weakened immune systemCaused by: Human ImmunodeficiencyVirus (HIV)HIV seen in various body fluids:o Bloodo Semeno vaginal fluid o Breast milk
• ZOONOTIC INFLUENZA


  -Influenza A,B, C-Avian flu and Swine Flu- subtype of influenza AAvian fluo H5N1o H7N3o H7N7o H7N9o H9N2Swine Fluo H1N1
• MIDDLE EAST RESPIRATORY SYNDROME


  -Viral respiratory illness new to humans-1st reported: Saudi Arabia in 2012Symptoms:o Fevero Cougho shortness of breath
• COVID-19


  -Caused by newly discovered coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2)Spread through droplets of saliva or discharge from nose
• VACCINOLOGY

  Modern vaccinology- spectacular progress in recent yearsNew vaccine strategies:1. Conjugated vaccines 2. Recombinant proteins 3. Pseudovirions4. DNA vaccines
• 1. Conjugated vaccines 2. Recombinant proteins 3. Pseudovirions4. DNA vaccines


  New vaccine strategies:1.2.3.4.Will soon help to control (at affordable prices) such as o Malariao HIV ando M.tuberculosis
• AREAS OF GENERAL INTEREST AND IMPORTANCE

  1. SUSTAINABILITY2. EPIDEMIOLOGY3. COLLECTIVE ACTION:4. PUBLIC HEALTH PRACTICES5. CONTROL OF THE HUMAN AND NON-HUMAN USAGEOF ANTIINFECTIVES