Water and glucose control

Cards (42)

  • What does dialysis act as for patients?
    It acts as an artificial kidney
  • What are some problems associated with dialysis?
    Blood clots, time consumption, strict diet
  • How does dialysis affect a person's health between sessions?
    Build-up of waste products can cause illness
  • What is the only cure for kidney failure?
    Kidney transplants
  • From where are kidneys for transplants sourced?
    From deceased or living donors
  • What is a benefit of kidney transplants over dialysis?
    Less frequent hospital visits required
  • What is a major risk associated with kidney transplants?
    Rejection by the immune system
  • How can the risk of transplant rejection be reduced?
    By using immunosuppressant drugs
  • What is a downside of using immunosuppressant drugs?
    Increased vulnerability to other diseases
  • What is urea a product of?
    Deamination of amino acids
  • Why is ammonia converted to urea?
    Because ammonia is toxic
  • How is urea lost from the body?
    In sweat
  • What role does anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) play?
    Controls water loss as urine
  • When is ADH released into the bloodstream?
    When blood is too concentrated
  • What effect does ADH have on kidney tubules?
    Increases their permeability to water
  • What is the result of increased ADH in the bloodstream?
    Smaller volume of concentrated urine
  • What is a negative feedback loop in the context of ADH?
    ADH secretion adjusts to blood concentration
  • What happens during kidney failure?
    Waste products build up in the body
  • What are the two treatments for kidney failure?
    Dialysis and kidney transplants
  • How does dialysis work?
    Uses an artificial membrane to filter blood
  • What substances are lost during dialysis?
    Urea, excess ions, and water
  • How often must dialysis be performed?
    Three times a week
  • What is Type 2 diabetes?
    Body cells no longer respond to insulin
  • What is a risk factor for Type 2 diabetes?
    Obesity
  • What are some treatments for Type 2 diabetes?
    Diet changes, weight loss, and exercise
  • What is the process of osmosis?
    Water moves from high to low concentration
  • What happens if blood water concentration increases?
    Cells take up water and may burst
  • What happens if blood water concentration decreases?
    Cells lose water and shrink
  • What is the role of the kidneys in the body?
    Maintain balance of water and substances
  • What do kidneys filter out from the blood?
    Waste products like water, ions, and urea
  • How do kidneys selectively reabsorb substances?
    By filtering and reabsorbing useful substances
  • What is the function of insulin?
    Reduces blood glucose levels
  • What happens when blood glucose levels are too high?
    Pancreas produces insulin
  • What does glucagon do?
    Increases blood glucose levels
  • How do insulin and glucagon work together?
    They maintain blood glucose levels through feedback
  • What is Type 1 diabetes?
    Pancreas cannot produce enough insulin
  • What are symptoms of Type 1 diabetes?
    Excessive thirst and frequent urination
  • How is Type 1 diabetes treated?
    With insulin injections at meal times
  • What are some potential cures for Type 1 diabetes?
    Pancreas transplants and genetic engineering
  • What is the main issue in Type 2 diabetes?
    Body cells no longer respond to insulin