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Water and glucose control
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Cards (42)
What does dialysis act as for patients?
It acts as an
artificial kidney
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What are some problems associated with dialysis?
Blood clots
, time
consumption
, strict diet
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How does dialysis affect a person's health between sessions?
Build-up of
waste products
can cause illness
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What is the only cure for kidney failure?
Kidney transplants
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From where are kidneys for transplants sourced?
From
deceased
or living
donors
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What is a benefit of kidney transplants over dialysis?
Less frequent
hospital visits required
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What is a major risk associated with kidney transplants?
Rejection by the
immune system
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How can the risk of transplant rejection be reduced?
By using
immunosuppressant
drugs
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What is a downside of using immunosuppressant drugs?
Increased
vulnerability to other diseases
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What is urea a product of?
Deamination
of
amino acids
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Why is ammonia converted to urea?
Because
ammonia
is
toxic
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How is urea lost from the body?
In
sweat
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What role does anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) play?
Controls
water
loss as
urine
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When is ADH released into the bloodstream?
When blood is too
concentrated
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What effect does ADH have on kidney tubules?
Increases their
permeability
to water
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What is the result of increased ADH in the bloodstream?
Smaller volume of
concentrated
urine
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What is a negative feedback loop in the context of ADH?
ADH secretion adjusts to
blood concentration
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What happens during kidney failure?
Waste products
build up in the body
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What are the two treatments for kidney failure?
Dialysis
and
kidney transplants
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How does dialysis work?
Uses an
artificial membrane
to filter blood
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What substances are lost during dialysis?
Urea
, excess ions, and water
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How often must dialysis be performed?
Three
times a week
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What is Type 2 diabetes?
Body cells no longer respond to
insulin
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What is a risk factor for Type 2 diabetes?
Obesity
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What are some treatments for Type 2 diabetes?
Diet changes,
weight loss
, and exercise
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What is the process of osmosis?
Water moves from high to low
concentration
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What happens if blood water concentration increases?
Cells
take up water and may burst
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What happens if blood water concentration decreases?
Cells
lose water and shrink
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What is the role of the kidneys in the body?
Maintain
balance
of water and substances
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What do kidneys filter out from the blood?
Waste products like water, ions, and
urea
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How do kidneys selectively reabsorb substances?
By
filtering
and reabsorbing useful substances
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What is the function of insulin?
Reduces
blood glucose levels
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What happens when blood glucose levels are too high?
Pancreas produces
insulin
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What does glucagon do?
Increases
blood glucose levels
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How do insulin and glucagon work together?
They maintain blood glucose levels through
feedback
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What is Type 1 diabetes?
Pancreas
cannot produce enough
insulin
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What are symptoms of Type 1 diabetes?
Excessive
thirst and frequent
urination
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How is Type 1 diabetes treated?
With
insulin injections
at
meal times
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What are some potential cures for Type 1 diabetes?
Pancreas
transplants and
genetic engineering
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What is the main issue in Type 2 diabetes?
Body cells no longer respond to
insulin
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