GENETICS

• What is the process by which gametes are made?

  Meiosis
• How many pairs of chromosomes are in a diploid cell?

  23 pairs
• What happens to chromosomes during meiosis?

  They are copied and then paired up
• What is the result of meiosis in terms of cell type?

  Four haploid cells
• What type of cells do plants produce through meiosis?

  Pollen and egg cells
• What is a key advantage of sexual reproduction?

  It increases variation in offspring
• What is a key advantage of asexual reproduction?

  Only one parent is needed
• What is the term for all genetic material in an organism?

  Genome
• What is a gene?

  A section of DNA coding for a protein
• When was the Human Genome Project completed?

  2003
• What does genotype refer to?

  The genetic code stored in DNA
• What does phenotype refer to?

  How genetic code is expressed in traits
• What are the monomers of DNA called?

  Nucleotides
• What are the four types of nucleotides in DNA?

  A, T, C, and G
• Which nucleotides pair together in DNA?

  A with T and C with G
• What does every three bases in DNA code for?

  An amino acid
• What is the role of mRNA in protein synthesis?

  It carries the genetic code to ribosomes
• Why must proteins be folded?

  To ensure they function correctly
• What can mutations in DNA lead to?

  Proteins that do not function properly
• What is epigenetics?

  The study of gene expression regulation
• What are alleles?

  Different versions of the same gene
• What is a dominant allele?

  An allele that expresses a trait even when paired
• What is a recessive allele?

  An allele that only expresses when paired with another recessive
• What is the genotype for brown eyes if B is brown and b is blue?

  Big B little b
• What is a Punnett square used for?

  To predict the probability of offspring traits
• What is the probability of having blue eyes with parents who are both heterozygous?

  25%
• What is the genotype of a person with blue eyes?

  Little b little b
• What is cystic fibrosis caused by?

  A recessive allele
• What determines the sex of a human?

  The XX or XY chromosome pair
• What is the chance of having a male or female child?

  50/50 chance
• What does Darwin's theory of evolution state?

  Random variation leads to survival advantages
• How can DNA respond to the environment?

  By turning genes on and off
• What is bacterial resistance evidence of?

  Darwin's theory of evolution
• Why is it important to complete a course of antibiotics?

  To prevent resistant bacteria from surviving
• What defines a species?

  Ability to produce fertile offspring
• What is selective breeding?

  Breeding for desired characteristics
• What is genetic modification?

  Altering an organism's DNA
• What is the process of genetic engineering?

  Cutting and inserting genes into organisms
• What is a vector in genetic engineering?

  A carrier for inserting genes
• When must genetic modification occur in an organism's development?

  Just after fertilization