GERMINATION

• Seed germination


  the process by which a plant grows

  from a seed. The sprouting of a new

  plant from a seed constitutes the initial

  step of plant growth and development.
• Imbibition


  Water absorption by the seed

  is known as imbibition, which

  is the initial stage of seed

  germination. The seed swells

  as a result, and the enzymes

  required for germination are

  activated.
• Enzymes

  in the seed are

  triggered by the water,

  allowing for the breakdown of

  food that has been stored

  there and respiratory activity.
• Respiration


  is the process that

  utilizes the food that has been

  stored to create the energy the

  plant needs to thrive.
• Food digestion and translocation


  delivered to the

  growing sections of the plant

  where it is used as a source of

  nutrition and energy after

  being broken down by

  enzymes in storage.
• Assimilation


  The plant uses the nutrients to

  create new cells that become

  the stem, leaves, and roots.

  The term “assimilation” refers

  to this process.
• Growth


  The seed will begin to grow

  after it has accumulated

  enough energy.
• Water


  necessary to soften the seed

  coat and enable the embryo to

  start growing and developing,

  which is a requirement for

  seed germination.
• Temperature


  The ideal temperature for the

  germination of various seeds

  varies. While some seeds

  prefer warm temperatures for

  germination, others need cool

  ones.
• Oxygen


  The respiration process that

  takes place during germination

  needs oxygen to function
• Light


  Some seeds require light to

  germinate, while others do not.

  Light can also affect the rate of

  germination, with some seeds

  germinating more quickly in

  the presence of
• Soil


  is not a direct requirement

  for germination, but it is

  important for the seedling

  once it has sprouted. The soil

  should be well-draining and

  have adequate water, oxygen,

  and nutrients for the seedling

  to grow healthy.
• pH


  level of the soil can

  affect seed germination. Some

  seeds germinate best in acidic

  soils, while others prefer

  neutral or alkaline soils.
• Viability


  Factors Affecting Seed Germination

  ➢ Internal factors include: For a seed to

  germinate, it must be viable, or

  capable of doing so.
• Dormancy

  ❖ Factors Affecting Seed Germination

  ➢ Internal factors include: Despite the best

  circumstances, some seeds

  go through a period of

  dormancy during which they

  are unable to germinate.

  Physical obstacles, like a hard

  seed coat, or internal

  mechanisms, such as the

  presence of growth inhibitors,

  can induce dormancy.
• Maturity of the embryo


  ❖ Factors Affecting Seed Germination

  ➢ Internal factors include: Before a seed may start to

  germinate, the embryo must

  be mature enough. Some

  seeds require a period of

  after-ripening during which

  they must be kept in storage

  before germination may take

  place.