CHEM

• Tertiary alcohols do not undergo oxidation under these conditions and remain unchanged.
• Nomenclature of alkanes: Determine the longest continuous chain as the parent hydrocarbon.
• Cycloalkanes: Determine the parent alkane name, with the ring being the parent hydrocarbon unless a longer alkyl substituent is present, and naming format: cyclo(#)ane (e.g., cyclohexane, cyclopentane).
• If the functional group gets the same number from both directions, use the direction that gives the substituent the lower number.
• Normal or straight-chain alkanes form a homologous series, involving compounds differing by an additional –CH2– unit.
• Isomers have identical formulas but differ in properties and atom arrangement.
• Butane (C4H10) is produced by removing a hydrogen from propane and adding -CH3.
• Alkanes are characterized by being odorless compounds.
• Normal alkanes with 1 to 4 carbon atoms are gases, while those with 5 to 20 carbon atoms are liquids.
• Properties within a homologous series are closely related and vary systematically.
• Substituents on nitrogen are indicated with italicized N-.
• Methane is the simplest alkane with one carbon atom.
• Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons, with single bonds, no double or triple bonds.
• Alkanes lack functional groups, making them less abundant in the human body.
• Substituting an end carbon of propane with -CH3 yields a linear butane (CH3–CH3–CH3–CH3), while substituting the central carbon of propane yields a branched butane.
• Normal alkanes have all carbon atoms form a continuous chain, while branched alkanes have at least one carbon atom not part of a continuous chain.
• Boiling points of normal alkanes increase smoothly with the length of the carbon chain, with increasing dispersion forces contributing to this pattern.
• Hydrocarbons are the simplest organic compounds, containing only carbon and hydrogen.
• The general formula for alkanes is CnH2n+2, where 'n' represents the number of carbon atoms.
• For multiple substituents, cite them in alphabetical order.
• Hydrogen atoms in propane are not geometrically equivalent, providing multiple substitution positions.
• IUPAC nomenclature treats the halogen as a substituent, replacing "ine" in the halogen name with "o" (e.g., chloromethane, 1,1-dichloroethane).
• Ethyne (C2H2), also known as Acetylene, is the simplest alkyne.
• Benzene (C6H6), also known as Benzene, is the simplest aromatic hydrocarbon.
• Liquid alkanes with higher molecular weight act as emollients (skin softeners) when applied to the skin.
• Paraffin wax, derived from alkanes, is used in milk cartons and wax paper due to its inert nature.
• Alkanes and hydrocarbons are less dense than water, so they float on it.
• Mineral oil, an alkane mixture, can replace natural skin oils.
• The insolubility in water of alkanes and hydrocarbons is due to their nonpolar nature.
• The most significant reaction of alkanes is combustion, which releases large amounts of heat and is widely used for hydrocarbons as fuels.
• Natural gas contains methane (80% to 95%), ethane, and trace amounts of other hydrocarbons.
• Unsaturated hydrocarbons contain one or more double or triple bonds between carbon atoms and belong to three classes: alkenes, alkynes, and aromatic hydrocarbons.
• Ethene (C2H4), also known as Ethylene, is the simplest alkene.
• Those with more than 20 carbon atoms are waxy solids.
• Petroleum jelly, a semisolid mixture of alkanes, serves as both an emollient and a protective film.
• Hydrocarbons, including alkanes, are hydrophobic (insoluble in water) and the term "paraffins" is used synonymously with alkanes.
• Incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons may result in the production of carbon monoxide (CO) or even solid carbon, which is undesirable as CO is toxic, and carbon deposits hinder engine performance.
• Propane and butane are extracted from natural gas and packaged in pressurized metal containers.
• Alkanes do not react with halogens like chlorine and bromine.
• In the body's carbohydrate metabolism, fumaric acid undergoes hydration catalyzed by the enzyme fumarase.