Biology 4.2.2- classification and evolution

• Which kingdoms are eukaryotic and which are prokaryotic

  Anamalia, plantae, fungi, protoctista are eukaryotic

  Prokaryote are prokaryotic
• Which kingdoms are heterotrophic and which are autotrophic

  Anamalia, plantae, fungi, some protoctista are heterotrophic

  Some protoctista are autotrophic

  Prokaryotic have no visible feeding mechanism
• Which kingdoms are multicellular and which are unicellular

  Anamalia, plantae, most fungi, some protoctista are multicellular

  some fungi, most protoctista and prokaryotes are unicellular
• What is the cell wall made of in each kingdom

  Anamalia have no cell wall

  Plantae: Cellulose

  Fungi: chitin

  Protoctista and prokaryote: peptidoglycan
• How are carbohydrates stored in each kingdom

  Anamalia: glycogen

  Plantae: starch

  Fungi: glycogen (mostly)

  Protoctista: glycogen or starch

  Prokaryote: glycogen
• Nucleus and organelles present in each kingdom

  Anamalia, plantae, fungi, protoctista: Nucleus and membrane-bound organelles (plantae and some protocista have chloroplast)

  Prokaryote: No Nucleus or membrane-bound organelles
• What is unique to anamalia

  Most are motile

  Blastocyst stage during development
• What is unique to plantae

  Most have a large permanent vacuole
• What is unique to fungi

  Bone multinucleate exist as a mycellium

  Some reporduce by producing spores
• What is unique to protoctista

  Aquatic
• What is unique to prokaryote

  Circular DNA strand

  70s ribosome

  No rough/smooth endoplasmic reticulum
• What is phylogeny

  The evolutionary relationships between organisms

  Reveals how closely related organisms are
• Describe phylogenetic trees and their features

  Represent evolutionary relationships between organisms

  Nodes represent common anscestors

  Closer branches mean closer evolutionary relationship

  Descendants the same node are sister groups

  
• How are phylogenetic trees produced

  Looking at similarities and differences, e.g. Genetic makeup and physical characteristics

  Guidence from fossils
• What are some advantages of phylogenetic classification

  Produces a continuous tree

  Non-hierarchical
• Characteristics of eukaryotae

  Eukaryotic

  Include all of: protoctista, animals, plants and fungi

  Nucleus with nuclear membrane

  Histones attached to chromosomes

  Membrane bound organelles
• Characteristics of eubacteria

  Prokaryotic with no nuclear membrane

  Different cell membrane structure

  Different internal structure of flagella

  Different RNA building enzymes

  Different DNA replication
• Characteristics of archaebacteria

  Prokaryotic with no nuclear membrane

  Distinct biochemistry

  RNA building enzymes more similar to eukaryotes

  DNA and RNA replication more similar to eukaryotes

  Histones attached to DNA
• Classification methods that use molecular biology

  Comparison of DNA base sequences

  Comparison of amino acid sequences

  Cytochrome C protein

  RNA structure
• What are the steps to form a new species

  Variation

  Environmental change

  Natural selection

  Isolation

  Speciation
• What were Darwin's 4 observations

  All species show variation

  Some of the variation is inherited

  All species potentially over-reproduce

  Number of individuals in a population stays relatively stable
• What was Darwin's deduction

  Survival of the fittest: all organisms struggle to exist and only the fittest survive

  leads to natural selection and origin of species
• How is genetic variation formed

  Mutation

  Meiosis

  Random mating

  Random fertilisation