VO 2 cell biology

• Hybridoma cell lines are factories that produce monoclonal antibodies
• Cells can be sorted and discarded based on increased light scattering
• Eukaryotic cell lines are a widely used source of homogeneous cells
• Cells can be isolated from tissues and grown in culture
• Some diseases, particularly neurological disorders, may arise due to problems in the material properties of FUS and other components of condensates.
• At higher concentrations, FUS behaves like a gel instead of a liquid.
• Changing the properties of the proteins that make up these condensates can produce materials with completely different behavior.
• FUS forms condensates in the cytoplasm after heat stress.
• Cells can be isolated from tissues by disrupting the extracellular matrix and cell-cell junctions
• Fluorescence-activated cell sorter is a technique used to separate different cell types based on specific antibody labeling
• Hybridoma cell lines are factories that produce monoclonal antibodies.
• Cells can be isolated from tissues.
• Cells can be grown in culture.
• Eukaryotic cell lines are a widely used source of homogeneous cells.
• Typical animal cells are 10-20 μm in diameter and are colorless and translucent.
• Cells can be separated into their component fractions.
• Images in microscopy represent a tenfold increase in magnification.
• Microscopy relies on techniques for preparing the specimen as well as the performance of the microscope itself.
• Tight junction: Membranes of neighboring cells are pressed together, bound by specific proteins, preventing leakage of extracellular fluid.
• Desmosome: Anchoring junctions that function as rivets to fasten cells together into strong sheets.
• Cell walls: Extracellular structures that distinguish plant cells from animal cells and protect the plant cell, maintain its shape, and prevent excessive uptake of water.
• Gap junction: Communicating junctions that provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent cells.
• Plasmodesmata: Channels that perforate plant cell walls, allowing water and small solutes to pass from cell to cell.
• Membrane less compartments within the cell are organized to enable control over complex biochemical reactions in space and time
• Extracellular components and connections between cells help coordinate cellular activities
• The extracellular matrix can influence the activity of genes in the nucleus
• Neighboring cells in tissues, organs, or organ systems often adhere, interact, and communicate through direct physical contact
• Extracellular matrix proteins bind to receptor proteins in the plasma membrane called integrins
• Neurological disorders may arise due to problems in the material properties of components like FUS
• Tight junctions prevent fluid from moving across a layer of cells
• The extracellular matrix is made up of glycoproteins such as collagen, proteoglycans, and fibronectin
• Four types of light microscopy are bright-field, phase-contrast, differential-interference-contrast, and dark-field microscopy.
• Living cells can be seen clearly in a phase-contrast or a differential-interference-contrast microscope.
• Specific molecules can be located in cells by fluorescence microscopy.
• Antibodies and chemical dyes can be used to detect specific molecules in fluorescence microscopy.
• Regulating the localization of reaction components can increase or inhibit reaction kinetics
• In a conventional light microscope, objects separated by less than about 0.2 μm will appear as a single object.
• Individual proteins can be fluorescently tagged in living cells and organisms using green fluorescent protein (GFP).
• Fluorescence occurs when an electron returns to its ground state and emits a photon of light at a longer wavelength.
• Protein dynamics, intracellular ion concentrations, and single molecules can be studied using fluorescence microscopy techniques.