VO 6 microbiology

• Adaptive immunity is coordinated by antigen-presenting T cells and has two effector mechanisms: antibody-mediated immunity and cell-mediated immunity.
• B cells are involved in antigen interaction, antibody production, immune memory, and have antibodies on their surface.
• Innate immunity is based on the interaction between pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and pattern-recognizing molecules on phagocyte receptors.
• Edible vaccines involve introducing the gene encoding the antigenic protein into plants, which can then be consumed to trigger an immune response.
• T cells have antigen-specific T-cell receptors and interact with antigens presented by macrophages.
• RNA vaccines involve transfecting mRNA into dendritic cells, which is then translated into antigenic proteins.
• Phage therapy involves using genetically modified phage and phage-derived proteins as antimicrobial agents to treat bacterial infections.
• The B cell receptor recognizes protein antigens from somatic cells and obtains the help of pre-activated antigen-specific CD4+ T cells.
• The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) presents antigens to T cells and distinguishes between self and nonself.
• Mass spectrometry is used for protein analysis
• Enzybiotics are derived from endolysins, bacteriophage-encoded enzymes that degrade the bacterial cell wall
• Methylen-blue, Lysostaphin, and Staphylococcus simulans are used in the process of separating and concentrating phage proteins
• Phage therapy involves the use of phage-derived proteins with bactericidal activity
• Zymography is used to identify the lytic activity of phage structural proteins
• MHC I presents antigens to T cells that recognize MHC I peptide complexes, while MHC II presents antigens to T cells that recognize MHC II peptide complexes.
• In the alternative pathway, C3b bound to the cell binds protein B, which is cleaved by protein D, leading to the formation of the MAC.
• The mannose-binding lectin pathway and the alternative pathway are important components of the innate immune response and are involved in the initiation of inflammation.
• Complement activation can result in opsonization, lysis by the MAC, or inflammation.
• In the mannose-binding lectin pathway, MBL binds to mannose-containing polysaccharides on the bacterial cell surface, leading to the activation of C5 and the formation of the MAC.
• In the classical pathway, the binding of the antibody and the C1 protein complex leads to the cleavage of C3 and the formation of the membrane attack complex (MAC).
• The classical pathway of complement activation is initiated when complement proteins that are attracted by bound antibodies, attach themselves to the surfaces of pathogens.
• The complement proteins react with each other in a defined sequence or cascade, leading to the activation of the next complement protein.
• Antigenic drift: Mutations that change the antigens of a virus.
• Spanish flu (H1N1): The influenza A(H1N1) virus caused the highest number of known flu deaths, with more than 500,000 deaths in the United States and an estimated 20-50 million deaths worldwide.
• IgA: Each strain of influenza A virus can be identified by a unique set of surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA or H antigen) and neuraminidase (NA or N antigen).
• Asian flu (H2N2): The influenza A(H2N2) virus caused approximately 70,000 deaths in the United States and 1-4 million deaths worldwide.
• DNA vaccines: Vaccines that encode the antigen and are delivered via direct transfection of antigen-presenting cells (APC).
• Antigenic shift: Rearrangement of RNA segments when a host is infected with different virus strains.
• Linezolid: A last-resort antibiotic from the oxazolidinone class used for the treatment of bacterial infections.
• In the MHC II pathway, MHC II molecules are synthesized, a blocking protein prevents attachment to peptides in the endoplasmic reticulum, and MHC II/peptide complexes are formed for antigen presentation.
• The basic reproduction number (R0) is a measure of the infectivity of a pathogen and correlates directly with the level of herd immunity required to prevent its spread.
• Louis Pasteur is known as the 'Father of Microbiology' and made significant contributions to the field, including disproving spontaneous generation, developing pasteurization, and creating vaccines for diseases like splenic fever and rabies.
• Typhoid fever was eliminated in Philadelphia and other cities through the introduction of filtration and chlorination of drinking water. Measles was eliminated as a common childhood disease in the USA through the introduction of a measles vaccine.
• During complement-stimulated inflammation, released C3a and C5a molecules bind to receptors on mast cells, causing their degranulation and the release of proinflammatory histamine.
• Endemic diseases occur in specific geographic regions, epidemic diseases have more cases in larger areas and often develop from an endemic center, and pandemic diseases occur worldwide.
• Robert Koch is known as the 'Father of Modern Bacteriology' and discovered that bacteria can cause disease. He developed Koch's postulates for proving cause and effect in infectious diseases and received the Nobel Prize for his work on tuberculosis.
• Streptococcus pyogenes is a gram-positive bacterium that can cause life-threatening infections, with an estimated 700 million infections worldwide each year and a mortality rate of 25% for severe and invasive cases.
• TH cells release cytokines that trigger an immune reaction.
• Antigen-presenting cells include macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells.
• Lysosomes containing MHC II molecules fuse with phagosomes to form phagolysosomes where foreign proteins are degraded.