Migration

• Migration is the movement of people across a specified boundary - to establish permanent residence
• Economic migrants are seeking work and sending remittances back
• Refugees are fleeing conflict zones - asylum seekers
• 1 in 35 people is an international migrant
• In last 20 years in the UK more in and less out - Caused by Brexit and Covid
• In 2013 many from India and Poland for job opportunities
• 281 million international migrants
• 13% in 2020 under 18
• 169 million international migrant workers
• 2014-2022 - 54,403 died migrating internationally
• 5.4 million asylum seekers
• 62.5 million fleeing conflict
• 48% in 2020 girls and women
• 11% 15-24 year olds
• 8% increase in remittances since 2021 -USD647 million
• 156,300 cases of trafficking
• 114,300 refugees in 2022
• Home country

  +Family

  +Language

  +Home

  -Famine

  -War

  -Laws
• Intervening obstacles

  -Cost

  -Law

  -Soldiers

  -Disabilities

  -The sea
• Location B

  +Jobs

  +Education

  +Healthcare

  +Remittances

  +Safety

  -Language

  -Unwelcoming
• The bigger the settlement and the closer it is the greater the gravitational pull on migrants
• South is wealthier -more jobs in service - less unemployment
• North is manufacturing and agriculture - higher unemployment
• Inter-regional migration - between regions
• Intra-regional migration - inside a region
• Low immigration into Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Bulgaria as better jobs, healthcare, housing and quality of life elsewhere
• Schengen Agreement - Freedom of movement within most of the EU across international borders
• Pre-Brexit - relaxed borders and hot banana
• Post-Brexit - need a job paying £25,000 except care and agriculture
• Post Brexit means

  +High skilled workers into host country

  -Hard to move between second homes
• ACs get remittances because of ack of work and international students
• Inequalities in development because of migration - influence on direction and scale of global migration flows
• Remittances - transfer of money from a foreign worker to individual in home country
• $72 billion into India
• $18 billion into Egypt
• Remittances increase in hard times, directly reaches the poor, improve school dropout rates, improve health and birth rates, building houses and education
• Some countries do not allow remittances out
• Stability

  Remittrances can contribute to local economic stability

  -Local people have money to support lifestyle
• Stability

  Filling jobs in labour market

  -jobs in countries can be filled
• Stability

  Remittances can supplement household income

  -People have money coming into their house