Fruit and seed

• Fruits develop from fertilized ovaries and protect and aid in seed dispersal.
• The fruit wall, or pericarp, is composed of three layers: exocarp, mesocarp, and endocarp.
• There are two types of simple fruits: fleshy and dry.
• Berry, hesperidium, pepo, drupe, and pome are examples of simple fleshy fruits.
• Pome is a fleshy part that develops from the enlarged base of the perianth fused to the ovary wall.
• Accessory fruits contain flower parts other than the ovary.
• Dehiscent and indehiscent are two types of simple dry fruits.
• Dry dehiscent fruits split open at maturity to release seeds, while indehiscent fruits do not.
• Achene, samara, grain, and nut are examples of indehiscent fruits.
• Achenes are one-seeded fruits with the pericarp free from the seed.
• Samaras are winged achenes dispersed by wind.
• Nuts are one-seeded fruits with hard stony pericarps, such as hazelnuts, chestnuts, and acorns.
• Multiple fruits, like figs and pineapples, result from the fusion of ovaries from many separate flowers on an inflorescence.
• Monocot seeds, like corn kernels, have a single cotyledon and extensive endosperm.
• Dicot seeds, like lima beans, have cotyledons that enclose the embryonic plant and absorb nutrients from the endosperm.
• Wheat, rice, corn, and barley are examples of grains.
• Raspberries and blackberries are examples of aggregate fruits, which develop from a single flower with many separate carpels.
• Dicot seeds have two cotyledons, while monocots have one cotyledon.
• Seeds develop from fertilized ovules and include an embryonic plant and nutritive tissue within a seed coat.
• Strawberries are aggregate-accessory fruits, containing accessory tissue and separate achenes on an enlarged, fleshy receptacle.
• Seed germination involves the absorption of water, emergence of the radicle, and subsequent growth of the shoot.
• Grains, also called caryopsis, are single-seeded fruits with the pericarp fused to the seed coat.