Hormone Integration

• Which hormone is produced by the pineal gland?

  Melatonin
• What does melatonin control?

  Circadian rhythms
• How is melatonin production inhibited?

  By light sensed by eye receptors
• When does melatonin production increase?

  When light is no longer present
• How does melatonin travel in the body?

  Through the bloodstream
• What are some effects of melatonin?

  Drop in body temperature, drowsiness
• What is another name for epinephrine?

  Adrenaline
• Where is epinephrine secreted from?

  Adrenal glands
• What is the primary function of epinephrine?

  Prepare for vigorous activity
• What does epinephrine increase in the body?

  Glucose and oxygen delivery
• What does epinephrine cause in terms of glycogen?

  Hydrolysis of glycogen
• What happens to the bronchi and bronchioles due to epinephrine?

  Diameter increases
• How does epinephrine affect ventilation rate?

  Increases ventilation rate
• What is the SA node?

  Pacemaker of the heart
• What effect does epinephrine have on heart rate?

  Increases heart rate
• What does vasoconstriction do to blood flow?

  Reduces blood flow
• What does vasodilation do to blood flow?

  Increases blood flow
• Which organs receive increased blood flow during fight or flight?

  Muscles and liver
• What is the role of the hypothalamus?

  Connects nervous and endocrine systems
• What does the pituitary gland secrete?

  Hormones
• What does the hypothalamus receive input from?

  Other brain parts and body sensors
• What hormone does the hypothalamus prompt the pituitary to secrete for osmoregulation?

  ADH (antidiuretic hormone)
• What does ADH do in the kidneys?

  Causes reabsorption of water
• What hormone does the hypothalamus release during puberty?

  GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone)
• What hormones does GnRH stimulate the pituitary to produce?

  Luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone
• What is the connection between the SA node and the medulla oblongata?

  SA node controls heartbeat via nerves
• What do the vagus nerve and sympathetic nerve do to heart rate?

  Vagus slows, sympathetic increases heart rate
• What do chemoreceptors sense in the blood?

  pH levels
• What happens when blood pH is low?

  Heart rate increases to pump blood
• What happens if blood pressure is too low?

  Heart rate increases to push blood
• What do baroreceptors sense?

  Blood pressure levels
• How can epinephrine affect heart rate?

  Overrides nervous signals to increase heart rate
• How do hormones and nervous signals interact in the body?

  • Hormones travel through the bloodstream
  • Nervous signals transmit impulses via nerves
  • Both systems communicate to regulate body functions
• What are the key functions of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland?

  • Connects nervous and endocrine systems
  • Receives input from brain and body sensors
  • Outputs hormonal signaling