Integration of Body Systems

• What are feedback loops in the context of body systems?

  A series of inputs and responses
• What is the normal pH range of blood?

  7.35 to 7.45
• How does increased activity affect blood pH?

  It increases carbon dioxide, lowering pH
• What happens to blood pH when carbon dioxide dissolves in blood plasma?

  It drives down the pH, creating acid
• What triggers nerve signals related to breathing?

  A drop in blood pH
• Where are the chemoreceptors located that sense blood pH?

  In the carotid artery
• What is the role of chemoreceptors in breathing control?

  They send signals to breathing muscles
• What is a negative feedback loop in the context of blood pH?

  It restores pH to normal levels
• What happens to breathing rate when blood pH returns to normal?

  Breathing rate decreases
• What is the purpose of a spirometer in studying breathing?

  • Measures air intake and output
  • Tracks breathing patterns over time
  • Can be digital or analog
• What changes occur in breathing during exercise as measured by a spirometer?

  Breathing becomes deeper and more frequent
• What is peristalsis in the digestive system?

  Wave of muscle contractions moving food
• What are the two types of muscle contractions involved in peristalsis?

  Contraction behind and along the food
• How does the nervous system control peristalsis?

  Through involuntary muscle contractions
• What parts of digestion are voluntary?

  Initiation of swallowing and defecation
• What controls the voluntary parts of digestion?

  Central nervous system
• How do the central and enteric nervous systems work together?

  To coordinate voluntary and involuntary digestion
• What is the role of the enteric nervous system?

  Controls involuntary movements in digestion
• What are the key components of the digestive system involved in peristalsis?

  • Esophagus
  • Stomach
  • Small intestines
  • Large intestines
  • Continuous muscular tube