Communities

• What is the focus of video C 4.1?

  Populations and communities
• What defines a community in an ecosystem?

  All biotic factors interacting in an ecosystem
• What are intraspecific relationships?

  Relationships within the same species
• What are the two types of intraspecific relationships?

  Competition and cooperation
• What does competition in intraspecific relationships involve?

  Occupying the same ecological niche
• What might animals compete for in intraspecific competition?

  Food, territory, or mates
• What might plants compete for in intraspecific competition?

  Light, pollinators, or soil nutrients
• How does intraspecific competition contribute to natural selection?

  It favors individuals with advantageous traits
• What is cooperation in intraspecific relationships?

  Mutually beneficial interactions within a species
• What is herbivory?

  Primary consumers eating primary producers
• What distinguishes interspecific relationships from intraspecific relationships?

  Interspecific involves different species
• What is predation?

  One species killing and eating another
• What is interspecific competition?

  Competition between different species
• What is mutualism?

  Both species benefit from the interaction
• What is parasitism?

  A parasite living on or in a host
• What is pathogenicity?

  A pathogen living inside a host
• What is the significance of mutualism between different kingdoms?

  They bring different benefits to the relationship
• What is an endemic species?

  Species occurring naturally in an area
• What is an alien species?

  Species introduced outside their normal range
• What is an invasive species?

  Alien species that spread rapidly
• Why do invasive species often outcompete endemic species?

  They lack natural predators and pests
• What is the Ki Square test used for?

  Determining interspecific competition extent
• What is random quadrant sampling used for?

  Counting species occurrences in an area
• How does random quadrant sampling help in studying interspecific competition?

  It identifies species associations in ecosystems
• What type of fish is the red lion fish?

  It is a red lion fish.
• Why are red lion fish problematic in the Caribbean?

  They are an invasive species outcompeting others.
• What is the Ki Square test used for?

  To determine interspecific competition extent.
• What sampling method is used in the Ki Square test?

  Random quadrant sampling.
• What type of organisms does random quadrant sampling work well for?

  It works well for sessile organisms.
• What are the two hypotheses in the Ki Square test?

  Null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis.
• What does rejecting the null hypothesis indicate?

  It indicates species are associated.
• How many quadrant samples were taken where both species A and B were present?

  45 quadrant samples.
• How many quadrants had species B present but species A absent?

  3 quadrants.
• How many quadrants had species A present but species B absent?

  6 quadrants.
• How many quadrants had both species absent?

  31 quadrants.
• What is needed to perform the Ki Square test?

  Expected values and observed values.
• How do you calculate expected values in the Ki Square test?

  Row total times column total divided by grand total.
• What is the formula for calculating the Ki Square value?

  (Observed - Expected)² / Expected.
• What P value is typically used in biology for the Ki Square test?

  0.05.
• How do you determine degrees of freedom for two species?

  Always one for two species.