Evolution: a change in the genetic composition (allele frequencies) of a population over time
Theory: A hypothesis that has been tested and supported with a significant amount of data
raw material of evolution: genetic variation
origin of genetic variation: genetic mutation
genetic variation: Differences among individuals in the composition of their genes or other DNA segments
Adaptation: A trait that helps an organism survive and reproduce
Population: A group of individuals of a single species that live in a particular geographic area at the same time
Alleles: Different forms of a gene (eg. B, b)
gene pool: sum of all copies of all alleles at all loci in a population (all the B and b)
allele frequency: proportion of each allele in the gene pool (eg. 80/100=0.80)
genotype frequency: proportion of each genotype among individuals in the population
artificial selection: Selection by humans for breeding of useful traits from the natural variation among different organisms
natural selection: A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits.
Factors that drive natural selection: 1.) more individuals are born that survive and reproduce 2.) offspring resemble their parents but aren't identical 3.) differences among individuals that affect their chance of survival and reproduction
fossil record: Chronological collection of life's remains in sedimentary rock layers
convergent evolution: different species evolve similarly in the same type of environment (eg. sharks & dolphins have similar traits, but evolved independently)
analogous structures: Body parts that share a common function, but not structure/origin (eg. insect wings and bird wings)
vestigial organs/structures: organ that serves no or a changed function in organism, organ so reduced in size, it does not serve an important function; may be homologous to structures in other organisms
ex; human appendix
genetic drift: random change in allele frequencies from one generation to the next usually cause by random events (such as the effect of small populations)
population bottleneck: Genetic drift where an environmental event results in survival of only a few individuals (which can have an effect on allele frequencies in the population and can result in a loss of genetic variation)
founder effect: Genetic drift that changes allele frequencies when a few individuals colonize a new area
nonrandom mating: Mating among individuals on the basis of their phenotypic similarities or differences, rather than mating on a random basis (aka its basically inbreeding)
movement of alleles between populations (eg. migration)
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium: a model in which allele frequencies do not change across generations and genotype frequencies can be predicted from allele frequencies
5 Hardy-Weinberg conditions:
1. Mating is random
2. population size in infinite (no genetic drift)
3. no gene flow
4. no mutations
5. No selection of genotypes
stabilizing selection: Selection that favors average individuals (eg. bird eggs, human birth weight)
directional selection: Selection that favors individuals that vary in one direction from the mean (eg. dark coloration, early blooming plants)
disruptive selection: Selection that favors individuals that vary in both directions from the mean (eg. middle individual has poor camouflage)
molecular clock: Model that uses DNA comparisons to estimate the length of time that two species have been evolving independently
Phylogeny: The evolutionary history of a species or group of related species
Phylogenetic tree: Diagrammatic reconstructuon of evolutionary history
Node :When a single lineage divides into 2
The timing of splitting events are shown by what on a phylogenic tree? Position of nodes on the time axis
Taxon: any group of species that we designate with a name
Sister clades: two clades that are each other's closest relatives
Ancestral trait: characteristic that existed in an ancestor
derived trait: newly evolved features that do not appear in the fossils of common ancestors
Homologous features are: -shared by two or more species
-inherited from a common ancestor
Outgroup: Species or group known to be closely related to, but phylogenetically outside of, the group of interest