SOCIAL SCIENCE

• The Concept of Privilege - inherent advantage or benefits that certain groups have in society based on their social position.
• Primary function of religion – Spiritual Guidance
• Example of Economic Institution – ex. Market Economy
• Subjective Poverty - refers to how an individual evaluates his or her actual income against his or her expectations and perceptions.
• Social Stratification - division of society into different social classes based on wealth, power, and prestige.
• Social Change - the idea of transformations that alter the roles and status of people as well as the structure and organization of society and its institutions.

  -result from the clash of opposing social forces, according to the concept of assimilation.

  -William Ogburn considers technology as the primary factor that induced social change.
• Social Classes - derived from the inequalities brought about by the possession and control of resources, as well as access to opportunities for education and employment
• Cultural Change – varying activities from across societies.
• Social Mobility – A person born into a higher class experiences a decline in social status.
• Caste System – is a social hierarchy based on occupation and birth. Ex. India Disadvantages: • Discrimination and inequality • Lack of social cohesion • Limited opportunities for upward mobility
• Matrilineal Descent – traced through mother’s side.
• Meritocracy – rewards based on their educational qualifications and job performance.
• Gender - the idea of culturally imposed characteristics that define masculinity and femininity.
• Narrowcasting – primarily on online social platforms used on the dissemination of information to specific segments of the public via a shared source.
• Facebook - social networking sites that allows to connect with friends and remain updated on their activities.
• Assimilation – the opposite of Acculturation, refers to the process of taking in and fully understanding information or ideas. In social and cultural contexts, assimilation can also refer to the process by which individuals or groups adapt to the practices and customs of a different culture, often resulting in a blending or merging of different cultural elements
• Acculturation - refers to the process of cultural change that occurs when individuals or groups from different cultural backgrounds come into continuous contact, leading to an exchange of cultural elements and the subsequent modification of cultural patterns.
• The barangay – is a pre-colonial political organization.
• Migration - the movement of people from one place to another for the purpose of temporary or permanent residence.
• Traditional Authority - based on the belief in the sanctity of long-standing customs and traditions. Ex. Monarchs, Imperial Families.
• Social and Political Movements - promotes social mobility and equal distribution of resources
• Political Dynasties in the Philippines - prevalent and continue to dominate the political landscape
• Proletariat – a social class that drives the force behind historical change.
• Government – an implementing body in the created policies and programs to reduce social disparities and promotion of social ameliorations.

  • Ex. Community-driven initiatives for education and skill development • Reduces global poverty rates and enhances economic stability. (In global setting)

  • Implementing global initiatives with the local contexts
• Human response to an emerging challenge – • Embracing diversity and fostering inclusion.

  • Embracing sustainability and environmental consciousness

  • Embracing technological advancements • Innovation in health institutions

  • Multifaceted approaches that consider various factors like race, gender, socioeconomic status, and cultural diversity in Social Inequalities but cannot be address alone by national policies
• Active Citizenship - Engagement in political discourse and advocacy
• Modernization - adopting new technologies, institutions, and values that contributes to political change.
• Social Cohesion - promoting tolerance and acceptance of diverse beliefs and practices.
• Social Institutions - influence the shaping of an individual’s character and personality. Ex. Schools, Family (Vital institution according to the PH Constitution)
• Climate Change - refers to long-term shifts in temperatures and weather patterns commonly caused by the burning of fossil fuel, such as oil activities and other human distractive human activities.
• Social Media – forms of electronic communication that facilitate social interaction and the formation of online communities. - catalyst of social change.
• Society – is the formation of social, economy, education, health, and religious institutions. The absence of one may result to disorganize society.
• Institutional and relational approaches – used to analyzing social institutions.
• Kinship - a social structure that is based on the relations of individuals based on blood, marriage, and rituals
• The terms "social change and cultural change” are often used interchangeably.
• Robert Maclver and Charles Page argue that Social Change refers to transformations that alter the roles and status of people as well as the structure and organization of society and its institutions.
• Cultural change, meanwhile, is much broader and of which social change is an integral part. It refers to the dynamic process where the living cultures of the world change and adapt to external or internal forces.
• In his book, Great Transformations, Karl Polanyi cites the Industrial Revolution and the French Revolution as examples of social change
• William Ogburn considers technology as the primary factor that induces social change.
• The Digital age brought about a technological revolution that paved the way the emergence of social media and various online platforms such as Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter.