Explain how energy is transferred through a food chain
Energy is transferred from producers to primary consumers when they eat the plants. Primary consumers are eaten by secondary consumers which transfers energy up the food chain. At each trophic level some energy is lost as heat through respiration. Only about 10% of the energy at one level is passed to the next level due to energy loss.
explain how decomposers are important in recycling nutrients in an ecosystem
Decomposers such as bacteria and fungi breakdown dead organisms and waste products. They break down the complex organic compounds into simpler substances, like minerals and nutrients. These nutrients are released back into the soil where they can be taken up by plants. This process maintains soil fertility and supports plant growth completing the nutrient cycle.
describe the effects of pollution on ecosystems
Pollution such as water pollution can harm aquatic life by reducing oxygen levels in water affecting fish and invertebrates. Air pollution can lead to acid rain which lowers the pH of soil and water damaging plants and aquatic organisms. Plastic waste can be ingested by animals leading to death or injury and disrupt food chains. Pollutants can also accumulate in organisms leading to biomagnification which can harm higher trophic levels including humans.
