Crim unit 2

• What are the main sociological theories of criminality?

  Marxism, Functionalism, Interactionism, Labelling, Realism
• How does society influence criminal behavior according to sociological theories?

  Society influences individuals to become criminals.
• Who is the key figure associated with Marxism?

  Karl Marx
• What do the bourgeoisie represent in Marxist theory?

  The ruling class with wealth and power.
• What is the proletariat in Marxist theory?

  The subject class with no wealth or power.
• What do Marxists believe about capitalism?

  Capitalism is bad and should be abolished.
• What is the concept of false consciousness in Marxism?

  Working class believes society is fair.
• How do traditional Marxists view crime?

  Crime enforces ruling class norms and values.
• What is the significance of white-collar crime in Marxist theory?

  It is largely ignored by the criminal justice system.
• What does Merton's strain theory explain?

  Why individuals commit crime due to societal pressures.
• What is anomie in Merton's strain theory?

  Loss of shared principles or norms.
• What does Merton suggest happens when legitimate means are blocked?

  Individuals may resort to non-conventional ways to succeed.
• What is the 'American dream' in Merton's theory?

  Desire for material success through hard work.
• How does Durkheim view crime in society?

  Crime is a normal and integral part of society.
• What are the four functions of crime according to Durkheim?

  Reinforces norms, safety valve, warning device, creates jobs.
• What does the term 'role allocation' refer to in Functionalism?

  Filling all societal roles regardless of class.
• What is the significance of a 'society of saints' in Durkheim's theory?

  Even saints can commit minor acts of deviance.
• What does labelling theory suggest about crime?

  Crime is defined by societal reactions to acts.
• Who is associated with labelling theory?

  Howard Becker
• What is primary deviance according to labelling theory?

  Trivial acts that are mostly uncaught.
• What is secondary deviance in labelling theory?

  Deviance resulting from being labelled by society.
• What is the self-fulfilling prophecy in labelling theory?

  Labelled individuals may become more deviant.
• How does selective law enforcement relate to labelling theory?

  Police use discretion based on stereotypes.
• What is the impact of labelling on opportunities for labelled individuals?

  Limits access to legitimate opportunities.
• How does Becker view societal reactions to crime?

  They produce more deviance than they prevent.
• What evidence supports labelling theory?

  Young's participant observation study on deviance.
• How does social structure influence criminality?

  It shapes individuals' opportunities and choices.
• What is the relationship between crime and social control?

  Social control aims to regulate criminal behavior.
• How do the London riots relate to Marxist theory?

  They illustrate class struggle and inequality.
• What does meritocracy imply in society?

  Success is based on individual achievement.
• How does socialization contribute to crime according to Functionalism?

  It helps achieve solidarity and shared values.
• What critique does Durkheim's theory face regarding crime?

  It overlooks the causes and impacts of crime.
• How does the media's portrayal of crime affect societal views?

  It shapes perceptions and reactions to crime.
• What is the significance of biased policing in labelling theory?

  It affects how individuals are labelled as criminals.
• How does the master status affect labelled individuals?

  It defines their identity and limits opportunities.
• What role does deviance play in defining societal norms?

  It helps establish moral boundaries and norms.
• What does Becker argue about the labelling process?

  It leads to a self-fulfilling prophecy.
• How does being labelled as a criminal affect a person's identity?

  It becomes their master status, overshadowing other roles.
• What happens to opportunities for those labelled as criminals?

  They face limited legitimate opportunities.
• What is the ultimate argument Becker makes about societal reactions to crime?

  They produce more deviance than they prevent.