Nmat

• Hypertonic environment: cell has a lower concentration of solutes; higher water potential than surrounding extracellular fluid.
• Osmosis: diffusion of water.
• An erythrocyte placed in a hypertonic solution would crenate, becoming distorted in shape.
• Hypotonic environment: cell has a higher concentration of solutes than the solution outside the cell which causes the cell to well.
• Isotonic environment: cell has equal concentration with the solution outside the cell.
• Membrane proteins act as enzymes and receptor sites; function for chemical transport, intercellular communication, cell-to-cell recognition, and attachment to the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix.
• Secretory proteins are assembled by the ribosomes on the rough ER which, in turn, extrudes them across the ER into its channels.
• Enzymes embedded in the smooth ER may chemically modify some of the proteins.
• Proteins pass through more channels to the Golgi body.
• Proteins are encapsulated in vesicles by the pinching together of membranes of the Golgi body.
• Vesicles then pass through the cytoplasm, fuse with the interior surface of the plasma membrane and release their contents to the exterior.
• Lymphocytes are a subclass of white blood cells that are divided into two types: B-lymphocytes and T- lymphocytes.
• B-lymphocytes secrete antibodies for humoral immune response, where it binds to the antigen and eventually destroys it.
• Dominant haploid gametophyte are mosses.
• Antibody against A and B are prokaryotes that do not have a nuclear membrane, with its DNA exposed to the cytoplasmic environment, belonging to the Kingdom Monera which includes bacteria, blue-green algae, and reproducing through binary fission.
• A biome is an ecological community dominated with distinctive plants and animals.
• Dominant diploid sporophyte are ferns, pine trees and common weeds.
• Gametogenesis is the production of gametes, which includes fertilization, cleavage, gastrulation (formation of germ layers), organogenesis (development into different tissues and organs), growth and histological differentiation.
• Sinoatrial node is found at the right atrium, sends impulses through the atria resulting in atrial systole, considered as the pacemaker of the heart.
• Meiosis is a cell division responsible for the formation of gametes or sex cells which results to four cells with half the ploidy number of the mother cell, divided into two stages: Meiosis I and Meiosis II.
• Cardiac cycle: Deoxygenated blood travels through the vena cava, the blood will flow through the right atrium, right ventricle and lungs and becomes oxygenated, then travel through the left atrium, left ventricle, aorta and to all the cells in the body.
• Estuary is part of a river (freshwater) joined with the sea (saltwater).
• The sound of pumping of the heart is caused by the valves.
• Diplohaplontic life cycle is the alternation of generation (life cycle of plants).
• Tundra is cold with frozen undersoil.
• Tropical rainforests are found in areas near the equator where rainfall is abundant and the dry season lasts for no more than a few months, making them the richest biome in terms of number of species.
• Savannah is a grassland regional and seasonal rain.
• Taiga is characterized by heavy snowfall and conifer forests.
• Deserts are sandy and receive less rainfall.
• Developmental biology is the study of the development of animals, including the processes involved in the transformation of a fertilized egg to a more complexed individual.
• Atrioventricular node is the heart’s electrical system activated by the impulse caused by the SA node, passes impulses down to the bundle of His resulting in the ventricular systole.
• Haploid gametophyte is part of the plant life cycle having haploid nuclei, giving rise to sex cells that produce a diploid sporophyte after fusing.
• Mitosis is a somatic cell divides to form to identical diploid daughter cells, with stages: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase.
• Producers are placed on the base of the energy pyramid because they have the large quantity of energy available by being the organism that can convert light energy into chemical energy.
• Hydrophobic molecules (hydrocarbons and oxygen) can cross with ease because they can dissolve in the lipid bilayer.
• Oxytocin causes the contraction of the uterus and ejection of milk.
• Turner syndrome is a disorder caused by missing or incomplete X chromosomes (XO), resulting in the individual showing the external physical appearance of a female and does not develop secondary sex characteristics.
• The pituitary gland is divided into the anterior and posterior pituitary.
• Some common trisomies are: Trisomy 13 (Patau syndrome) which causes gross multiple structural defects involving polydactyly and cleft lip or palate, Trisomy 18 (Edwards syndrome) which causes severe psychomotor and growth retardation, and Trisomy 21 (Down syndrome) which is the most common viable autosomal trisomy causing depressed nasal bridge, shortened extremities and mental retardation.
• Multicellular organisms undergo growth when its cell divides.