Macromolecules

• Carbon is the backbone for every macromolecule
• Monomers are smallest things in a molecule and polymers are multiple monomers
• Dehydration synthesis is where water is taken to bind molecules or polymers
• Hydrolysis is the breaking of a chemical bond between two molecules by the addition of a water molecule
• The monomer of a carbohydrate is a monosaccharide.
• The polymer of a carbohydrate is a polysaccharide.
• Polysacchrides are linked by glycosidic bonds.
• Glycogen is an animal storage form of glucose, while starch is a plant storage form of glucose.
• Carbohydrates are used for energy storage and structural support
• Carbohydrates can be used for structure, in fungi and insects it is chitin and in plants it is cellulose.
• The monomers of lipids are fatty acids.
• Lipids are not soluble in water and are used for energy storage, structure, and cell signaling.
• A tryglyercide is a glycerol attached to 3 fatty acids
• Saturated fatty acids are solid at room temperature, an example would be butter.
• Unsaturated fatty acids are liquid at room temperature, an example would be olive oil.
• Phospholipids have two fatty acid tails and one phosphate group with a hydrophilic head.
• Steroids are a type of lipid and are 4 hydrocarbon rings. They are used for structure (cell membranes), and cell signaling (hormones).
• The monomer of proteins are amino acids, which are linked together by peptide bonds
• Proteins are used for metabolism, signaling, transport, structure, etc.
• Amino acids consist of an R-group, carboxyl (-COOH) group, and an amine (-NH2) group.
• R group is determined by if it is hydrophobic or hydrophilic (will see a charge).
• The monomer of nucleic acids are nucleotides.
• Phosphodiester linkage joins the 3' carbon on one nucleotide to the 5' carbon on another nucleotide.
• Nucleic acids carry information or energy
• Nucleotides are a 5 carbon sugar with a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base