L4 Psychology

• PSYCHOLOGY

  ·       About an organism’s physical processes & thinking

  ·       The specific study of behavior & mental process & possible factors that affect the individual
• PSYCHE

  ·       Meaning soul/mind
• LOGOS

  ·       Meaning study
• Psychology meant "study of souls" before
• Psychology came from Greek words psyche and logos
• SELF

  ·       Sense of personal identity & who we are as individuals
• IDENTITY

  ·       Concept of an individual about themselves

  ·       Often referred as “self-identity”
• SELF-IDENTITY

  ·       Belief of what the individual thinks & feels about him

  ·       Also influence other’s perception of the individual
• SELF-REPRESENTATION

  ·       Important implications for socio-emotional functioning throughout the lifespan
• WILLIAM JAMES

  ·       Earliest psychologist to study the self

  ·       Conceptualized self having two aspects, the “I” & “me”
• Two Aspects of Self:

  • I
  • Me
• Two aspects of self: “ME”

  ·       The social self

  ·       The self as an object in the world

  ·       Organized set of attitude of others which an individual assumes

  ·       The physical characs & psychological capabilities that makes you you
• Two aspects of self: I

  ·       Response to the “ME”

  ·       The self in ACTION

  ·       Response of an individual to other’s attitude

  ·       The thinking, acting, feeling self.
• William James: Attitudinal Change

  “The greatest discovery of my generation is that human beings can alter their lives by altering their attitudes of the mind”

   

  ·       A simple attitude change can change your life worse/better
• CARL ROGERS

  ·       “When I look at the world I’m pessimistic, but when I look at people

  ·       Create or of person-centered counselling

  ·       One of the founders of humanistic therapy
• Carl Rogers: Theory of Personality

  Uses the I and Me
• THEORY OF PERSONALITY: “I”

  ·       The one who acts & decides

  ·       Reflects what people see themselves doing in the physical world
• THEORY OF PERSONALITY: ME

  ·       What you think/feel about yourself as an object

  ·       Refers to individuals’ reflections about themselves

  ·       More subjective & psychological phenomenon

  • E.G. Characterizing oneself as athletic, smart, etc.
• Carl Rogers: SELF-SCHEMA

  ·       The organized system/collection of knowledge about who we are

  ·       Changes as one grow old & adapt

  ·       Includes work, course, age, name, physical characteristics, etc.

  • EG: · If you consider yourself a fashion lover, clothing stores might entice you most among other store
• Carl Rogers: UNCONDITIONAL POSITIVE REGARD (UPR)

  ·       Refers to accepting & supporting another exactly as they are, w/o judgment/evaluating them
• IDENTITY

  ·       Concept of an individual about themselves

  ·       Often referred to as “self-identity”/ the self-belief of what the individuals thinks & feels about himself

  ·       Composed of personal characteristics, social roles & responsibilities·       Can be influence by how others perceive an individual

  ·       Affiliations defining who one is
• SELF-CONCEPT

  ·       How someone thinks about/perceives themselves

  ·       “The individual’s belief about themselves, including the person’s attribute & who & what the self is.”
• ROLES

  ·       Also part of his identity

  e.g.

  ·       Birth order in the family

  ·       Nature of work

  ·       Occupation/title

  ·       Academic & social standing
• Self, identity, & self-concept aren't fixed in one time frame no are they ever changing at every moment.
• Experiences of the Self:

  • The Existential Self
  • The Categorical Self
• Experiences of the Self: THE EXISTENTIAL SELF

  ·       Subjective (I)

  ·       The concept that you are unique/different from others
• Experiences of the Self: THE CATEGORICAL SELF

  ·       Objective (ME)

  ·       Concept tends to focus on their own visible characteristics
• SELF-CONCEPT

  ·       The real self is who we actually are

  ·       It’s how we think, feel, look & act

  ·       Real self can be seen by others, but bec we have no way of truly knowing how others view us, the REAL SELF is our SELF-IMAGE
• SELF-CONCEPT/SELF-SCHEMA COMPOSED OF 3 THINGS

  • SELF-IMAGE (REAL SELF)
  • IDEAL SELF
  • OUGHT SELF (SELF-ESTEEM/SELF-WORTH)
• SELF-CONCEPT/SELF-SCHEMA COMPOSED OF 3 THINGS: SELF-IMAGE (REAL SELF)

  ·       Who you are at the moment

  ·       Includes physical description, social roles, personal trait, existential statements
• SELF-CONCEPT/SELF-SCHEMA COMPOSED OF 3 THINGS: IDEAL SELF

  ·       Who you like to be

  ·       Idealized image that we have developed over time
• SELF-CONCEPT/SELF-SCHEMA COMPOSED OF 3 THINGS: OUGHT SELF (SELF-ESTEEM/SELF-WORTH)

  ·       Who you think you should be
• Incongruence

  ·       Inconsistency of the real-self (self-image) with ideal self or what’s even possible

  ·       Solved such discrepancies to avoid agitation, dejection, or negative emotions
• SELF-ACTUALIZATION

  ·       The need for personal growth & development throughout one’s life

  ·       From Maslow’s highest level of Hierarchy of Needs

  ·       Self-actualized=met one’s full potential
• SELF-ESTEEM & SELF-WORTH

  ·       The extent which we like, accept, or approve of ourselves

  ·       How much we value ourselves
• SOCIAL COMPARISON THEORY

  ·       We learn about ourselves, the appropriateness of our behaviors, as well as our social status by comparing aspects of ourselves with other people
• TYPES OF SOCIAL COMPARISON:

  • Downward Social Comparison
  • Upward Social Comparison
• TYPES OF SOCIAL COMPARISON: DOWNWARD SOCIAL COMPARISON

  ·       More common type of comparing ourselves with others

  ·       Comparing ourselves to those worse than us = raise self-esteem
• TYPES OF SOCIAL COMPARISON: UPWARD SOCIAL COMPARISON

  ·       Comparing ourselves to those better than us
• SELF-EVOLUTION MAINTENANCE THEORY

  ·       Entails from SOCIAL COMPARISON

  ·       We feel threatened when someone outperforms us, specially when they are close friends/family