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Psychology
Research methods
Observational techniques
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Created by
Milly Baldwin
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Cards (25)
What is the primary purpose of observations in research?
To collect data by watching
behaviors
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What are the different dimensions of observations?
Overt vs. Covert
Non-participant vs. Participant
Controlled vs. Naturalistic
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What distinguishes overt observations from covert observations?
Participants
are aware in overt observations
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How do non-participant observations differ from participant observations?
Non-participant observes from
outside
the group
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What is the main difference between controlled and naturalistic observations?
Controlled observations are set up by
psychologists
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Why are overt observations considered more ethical than covert observations?
Participants
know they are being observed
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What is a practical advantage of overt observations?
Researchers can observe from
different angles
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What is the observer effect in covert observations?
Participants
behave differently when watched
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What advantage do participant observations offer over non-participant observations?
More insight from
direct experience
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How can non-participant observations be more objective?
Researchers
maintain distance from subjects
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What is a key benefit of controlled observations?
Easier to establish
causation
or correlation
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What is a significant advantage of naturalistic observations?
High
ecological validity
in real settings
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What are behavioral categories in observational design?
Components of
target behaviors
Simplify complex behaviors for observation
Examples
:
'active play'
,
'agitation'
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Why are behavioral categories useful for data collection?
They allow for
quantitative
data collection
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What is a potential drawback of using behavioral categories?
Some meaning of
behaviors
may be
lost
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What issue can arise from pre-determined behavioral categories?
Key components may be
missed
or
mis-recorded
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What is event sampling in observational design?
Selecting one
behavioral category
to observe
Tallying
occurrences
of that behavior
Example: counting
traffic violations
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What is a practical benefit of event sampling?
Important information is less likely to be
missed
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What is a limitation of event sampling?
It may oversimplify
complex behaviors
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What is time sampling in observational design?
Observing behaviors at set
intervals
Example: every
10 minutes
for
30 seconds
Provides a record over a long observation period
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What is an advantage of time sampling?
Reduces mistakes from
observer fatigue
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What is a potential drawback of time sampling?
Key
behaviors
may be missed between intervals
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What are the strengths of observation as a research method?
Reliable
findings
from direct observation
Can observe actual events in
controlled settings
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What are the limitations of observation as a research method?
Difficult to judge
thoughts and feelings
Observer bias
may affect results
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How can using multiple observers improve observational research?
It increases
inter-rater reliability
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