Topic # 2

• What is the normal heart rate range for dogs?

  100-130 beats per minute
• What is the normal heart rate range for cats?

  110-140 beats per minute
• What is the normal heart rate range for rabbits?

  180-350 beats per minute
• What is the normal respiratory rate for dogs?

  22 breaths per minute
• What is the normal respiratory rate range for cats?

  26 breaths per minute
• What is the normal respiratory rate range for rabbits?

  39 breaths per minute
• What is the normal rectal temperature range for dogs?

  38.5 - 39.5 °C
• What is the normal rectal temperature range for cats?

  38.0 - 39.0 °C
• What is the normal rectal temperature range for rabbits?

  38.0 - 39.9 °C
• What are vital signs in animals?

  • Clinical measurements indicating essential body functions
  • Include heart rate, respiratory rate, and rectal temperature
• What does heart/pulse rate indicate?

  • Rate of arterial pulse
  • Corresponds to cardiac contraction
• What does respiratory rate measure?

  • Rate of lung breaths
  • One cycle of inspiration and expiration
• What does rectal temperature indicate?

  • Degree of heat in a living body
  • Normal body temperature measurement
• What is the term for an increased pulse rate?

  Tachycardia
• What are some causes of tachycardia?

  Hyperactivity, heat exhaustion, fever, nervousness
• What is the term for a decreased pulse rate?

  Bradycardia
• What conditions can lead to bradycardia?

  Rest, sleep, cold temperature, frostbite
• What is the term for an increased respiratory rate?

  Tachypnea
• What causes tachypnea?

  Hyperactivity, increased environmental temperature
• What is the term for a decreased respiratory rate?

  Bradypnea
• What condition can lead to bradypnea?

  Rest
• What is the term for an increased rectal temperature?

  Hyperthermia
• What are some causes of hyperthermia?

  Fever from infection, increased basal metabolic rate
• What is the term for a decreased rectal temperature?

  Hypothermia
• What can cause hypothermia?

  Decreased environmental temperature, impending death
• What is pyrexia?

  Elevation of body temperature above normal
• What is hypothermia?

  Decrease in body temperature
• What is hyperthermia?

  Increase in body temperature
• What does depression indicate in terms of functional activity?

  Decreased functional activity
• What is restlessness characterized by?

  Increased motor activity
• What does lethargy indicate?

  Abnormal drowsiness indicating disease
• What disease is associated with trypanosomiasis?

  Sleeping sickness in humans
• What is tryptophol?

  Lethargic substance produced by trypanosomes
• What insect transmits the agent of sleeping sickness?

  Tsetse flies
• What does emaciation refer to?

  Excessive leanness or wasted body condition
• How does not eating affect muscle mass?

  It causes energy loss and muscle mass reduction
• What is gluconeogenesis?

  Synthesis of glucose from carbohydrates
• What is cachexia associated with?

  Physical wasting and malnutrition
• What are the two forms of cachexia?

  • Marasmus: Carbohydrate deficiency
  • Kwashiorkor: Protein deficiency
• What does collapse indicate?

  Prostration and failure of circulation