Earth and Life Science | Finals 1st Sem

• Genetic engineering - pieces of DNA are transferred
• A vector is needed to transfer a gene to a host cell. Plasmid and Viruses are vectors.
• Process of Genetic Engineering:

  1. DNA is taken
  2. The taken DNA strand is inserted to the host cell
  3. The host cell now contains the recombinant DNA
  4. The host cell now multiplies
  5. The desired protein is produced.
• Genetical Modified Organism - an organism which contains foreign DNA
• Biotechnology - use of biological techniques
• Restriction Enzymes - cutting pieces of DNA into fragments
• Gel Electrophoresis - separates DNA by size
• Recombinant DNA - combination of DNA
• Gene Cloning - production of large number of identical copies of protein
• DNA Sequencing - identifies the DNA sequence; it identifies errors in the DNA sequence
• Polymerase Chain Reaction - copies of specific regions
• Plant Genetic Modification - easiest method
• Animal Genetic Modification - breeds of livestock
• Genetic Modification of Microbes - significant in food production
• What can you use Genetic Modification of Microbes for?

  Wine, Bread, Cheese
• Digestive System - breakdown of food and absorption of nutrients
• Small intestine - a part of digestive system wherein nutrients are absorb
• Respiratory System - responsible for breathing
• Circulatory System or Cardiovascular System - transport of oxygen and nutrients
• What are the main parts of circulatory system?

  Blood

  Blood vessels

  Heart
• Urinary System - responsible for removal of waste in blood; also referred to as Excretory System
• Immune System - defense mechanism of the body against infection and disease.
• Endocrine System - causes long-term effect in the body
• Hormones - these are chemicals produced by the endocrine glands and travel through the bloodstream to target organs; causes a reaction to a cell
• Nervous System - processes informations
• Central Nervous System - Brain and Spinal Cord, controls all body functions; the central processing if data/information in the body
• Peripheral Nervous System - they gather data throughout the body
• Population - this is the group of the same species within an area
• Population Size - number of Individuals
• Population Explosion - when population is given favorable conditions
• Population Growth - it is when natality rate is higher than mortality rate
• Natality or Birth - production of new organisms
• Mortality or Death - rate of deaths in a population over a given period of time.
• Biotic Potential - maximum reproductive capacity; measures how well a species has adapted to its environment
• Environmental Recession - collection of biotic and abiotic factors; it lowers the chance of reproduction; also refers to the various limiting factors
• Biotic Factors - parasitism, lack of food, predation, and competition between living organisms
• Abiotic Factors - unfavorable temperature, drought, wrong sunlight, unfavorable weather conditionds, fire
• Carrying Capacity - maximum number than can be supported by a particular area
• Population Growth Forms - patters of increase and decrease of population
• J-shaped or Exponential Growth Curve - when population size increase rapidly but cannot be sustained for a long time