APUSH PERIOD 4

• When Jefferson was elected he called it the Revolution of 1800 because that the one of the few times when power was transferred to another party peacefully.
• Plundering pirates off the Mediterranean coast of Africa (Tripoli); President Thomas Jefferson's refusal to pay them tribute to protect American ships sparked an undeclared naval war with North African nations - Barbary States
• The Judiciary Act of 1801 created new judge positions which were filled last minute by John Adams, known as the midnight judges.
• Marbury v. Madison was a court case that stated that the Supreme Court had the power to review and declare laws unconstitutional. This is known as Judicial Review.
• John Marshall served as Chief Justice from 1801-1835. He established the principle of judicial review and expanded federal powers.
• McCulloch v. Maryland was a landmark decision where the Supreme Court ruled that states could not tax national banks. It also set up the doctrine of implied powers.
• The Louisiana Purchase of 1803 doubled the size of the US and made Jefferson reconsider his strict interpretation of the constitution.
• Thomas Jefferson sent Lewis and Clark to explore the Louisiana territory.
• Impressment was the practice of the british navy of stealing Americans and forcing them into service on ships.
• The Embargo Act of 1807 prohibited American ships from leaving their home ports until british and France stopped restricting US trade. This was meant to protect American interests.
• The War Hawks were Democratic Republicans who wanted war with british in order to defend America. They were led by henry Clay and John C. Calhoun.
• The War of 1812 was primarily over the impressment of American sailors by the British Navy, as well as disagreements over trade, western expansion, and Native American policy.
• The War of 1812 led to American nationalism and death of the federalist party.
• The Hartford Convention was a meeting of Federalists who opposed the War of 1812 and wanted to revise the constitution.
• The Treaty of Ghent ended the War of 1812 and it released all prisoners and ships captured between the US and Britain. Britain gave up claims to the NorthWest territory.
• The Antebellum period is the period after the War of 1812 and before the Civil War whereby there were many reforms.
• The Era of Good Feelings was a period when there was only one political party, it was during Monroe's presidency.
• One of the earliest factories was in Lowell, Massachusetts.
• The election of 1824 had John Quincy Adams, John C. Calhoun, William H. Crawford, Henry Clay, and Andrew Jackson.
• The American System of Manufactures was a plan to improve the economy by creating a national system of manufacturing by strengthening the Second Bank, raising tariffs to finance internal improvements such roads and canals.
• The Corrupt bargain happened in the election of 1824 when Henry Clay used his power as the speaker to assemble representatives to vote for John Quincy Adams instead of Andrew Jackson.
• The Indian Removal Act of 1830 forced Native Americans to give up their land east of the Mississippi and move west. It promised them money and reserved land on the west side of the Mississippi.
• The Cherokee of Georgia were forced off their land because gold was discovered in their territory and Georgians demanded that the Indian removal Act be enforced.
• Whigs; Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun, believed politics should be led by the elite based on talent and merit, they favored the American System, which was a plan to use tariffs to encourage industrialization and promote the development of the West, supremacy of Parliament, opposed Jackson's views, and favored an active national government
• The practice of rewarding supporters with government jobs is the spoils system which was enacted during Martin Van Buren's candidacy.
• John C. Calhoun believed that a state has the right to void, within its borders, any federal law that violates its constitution
• Democrats; Andrew Jackson, Martin Van Buren, and James K. Polk, believed politics should be led by the people through popular sovereignty, they wanted lower taxes, less federal spending, and more states rights
• Nullification Crisis; South Carolina passed an ordinance declaring null and void any federal law it deemed unconstitutional. The crisis ended with compromise Tariff of 1833, which lowered the tariff rate but still protected industry.
• Trail of Tears; In 1830, Congress passed the Indian Removal Act, forcing Native Americans from their lands. Many died during the journey westward due to disease and starvation.
• The Seneca falls Convention took place in upper state New York in 1848. Women of all ages went to discuss the rights and conditions of wome. There they wrote the Declaration of Sentiments, which tried to get women to vote.
• Abolitionism, Prison Reform, Public education and the Temperance Movement all grew because of the Second Great Awakening which said that salvation was up to the people's own choices.
• The Spoils system was a system where the president could appoint people to government positions based on their loyalty to the president
• The Tariff of Abomination was a tax imposed on British manufactured goods imported into the United States, it favored the North more compared to the South.
• The Missouri Compromise allowed Missouri to be admitted as a slave state while Maine would become free. It also set the line at latitude 36°30′ north (the southern border of Missouri) for slavery expansion.
• The Force Bill was imposed by Andrew Jackson in 1833, which threatened to call in troops to enforce the tariff of 1832. It empowered the federal government to enforce federal laws in the states, sending a signal that that threats of nullification and secession would not be tolerated.
• The Nullification Crisis happened when John C Calhoun declared that he had the right to declare any law passed by congress unconstitutional. He believed that if the federal government did something against his beliefs then he could ignore them. This led to the force bill being created.
• The Trail of Tears occurred from 1830-1850, this is when Native Americans were forced off their lands and moved westward. The Cherokee Nation was one of many tribes who suffered during this time period. They lost over half of their population due to disease and starvation.
• Jackson opposed the bank of the United States because He felt it served only the interests of banking and manufacturing elites.
• The Panic of 1837 was caused by the failure of the Second Bank of the United States
• The Whig Party was formed in opposition to Jackson's policies, they wanted to expand the role of the federal government and promote economic growth through protective tariffs and internal improvements.