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Cards (97)

  • Blood is the most important tissue in the body as it transports oxygen, protein, blood cells, and drugs.
  • Blood metabolizes through ion exchanges.
  • Blood is involved in immunity through white blood cells (WBC).
  • Blood is involved in hemostasis through platelets and coagulation factors.
  • The 3.2% Sodium Citrate Tube is a light tube with an A:B ratio of 1:9.
  • The 3.2% Sodium Citrate Tube must not be hemolyzed or lipemic.
  • The sample should be stored at room temperature (22 - 25°C).
  • A short draw in the 3.2% Sodium Citrate Tube results in a whole blood volume that is less than 90% of the required volume or less than the manufacturer-specified minimum.
  • If a clot is present in the specimen, it must be removed prior to centrifugation.
  • Visible hemolysis in the 3.2% Sodium Citrate Tube indicates vitro activation of platelets and coagulation and results will be unreliable.
  • Lipemia or icterus in the 3.2% Sodium Citrate Tube may cause optical instruments to not measure clots in cloudy or highly colored specimens.
  • Advanced partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) detects disorders involving the intrinsic and common pathway.
  • Capillary tube/Dale and Laidlaw: break capillary tube every 30 seconds and check for fibrin clot (use plain or blue banded capillary tube).
  • Venous blood (start timing after collection) is placed in tubes 3, 2, 1 and put in a water bath at 37°C.
  • Whole Blood/Lee and White (N.V.: 7 - 15mins) uses a glass tube: 13 x 100mm.
  • The results of the 3 test tubes are averaged.
  • Modern coagulation tests screen for defects in the coagulation pathway.
  • The extrinsic pathway is activated by tissue damage resulting from trauma.
  • The intrinsic pathway is activated by damage in the vascular wall.
  • There are two main types of coagulation screening tests: Prothrombin time (PT) and Advanced partial thromboplastin time (aPTT).
  • Prothrombin time (PT) detects disorders involving the extrinsic and common pathway.
  • Prolonged Prothrombin time (PT) indicates factors VII, V, X, II, I deficiencies.
  • Normal Prothrombin time (PT) indicates factors VIII, IX and XIII deficiencies.
  • The tubes are tilted every 30 seconds until they can be inverted without flowing out and the timer is stopped.
  • The Antithrombin Ill assay principle is the neutralization of serine proteases, with the first step being to neutralize thrombin with test plasma.
  • The Activated clotting time is a bedside test to monitor heparin therapy.
  • Abnormal PT combined with abnormal PTT is associated with factors I, very rare.
  • In the Thrombin time procedure, platelet-poor plasma is diluted 1:10 with Owren's buffer, aqueous solution of 28.4 mM barbital, 125.4 mM sodium chloride, and 0.05 % sodium azide.
  • Abnormal PT indicates a factor V II defect ONLY.
  • Abnormal PTT indicates factors XI, IX, VIII, and is not associated with bleeding.
  • Abnormal PT combined with abnormal PTT and abnormal APTT is associated with anticoagulants, DIC, liver disease, and vitamin K deficiency.
  • Fibrinogen Assay is a procedure modified by Clauss that minimizes the effect of heparin.
  • The 5M Urea Solubility Test is used to detect factor X II I deficiency, as factor XIII stabilizes fibrin clot.
  • The Bethesda titer for anti-factor VIII inhibitor is performed by incubating platelet-poor plasma with an equal volume of pooled normal plasma at 37°C for 2 hours, then performing APTT on the mixture.
  • Combined abnormal PT and PTT indicates factors X, V, II, and is very rare.
  • In the Fibrin split product test, the clotting process is monitored during streptokinase therapy.
  • Reptilase Time uses Bothrops atrox venom, a thrombin like enzyme, and is unaffected by heparin therapy.
  • The International sensitivity index (ISI) is a value given to a batch of PT reagents when compared to a reference tissue factor, usually 1,0 to 3.0, with 1,3 to 1.5 being the ideal range.
  • Thrombin Time uses commercially prepared thrombin from bovine sources and triggers the formation of a fibrin clot.
  • Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (APTT) uses a reagent that includes phospholipids and a negatively charged particulate activator (silica, kaolin, celite, ellagic acid).