ia3 recombinant dna

• • Aim of recombinant dna tech is to insert gene from species into genome of another species
• 1. Target gene cut from its source dna using restriction enzymes recognize specific restriction site
• 2. Same restriction enzymes cut open a plasmid vector at same specific restriction site
• 3. Target gene inserts into plasmid
• 4. Dna ligase enzyme joins gene to the plasmid by linking sugar-phosphate backbone
• 5. Resulting dna is called recombinant DNA
• • Can be used to source a protein 
• 1. recombinant dna plasmid introduced into host bacterial cells via heat shock. Called transformation. Force bacteria to uptake plasmid into cytoplasm
• 2. Host bacterial cell replicates via binary fission making copies of desired gene and its own dna
• 3. Bacteria express inserted gene in plasmid via polypeptide synthesis to produce protein which can be extracted and purified for use
• • Recombinant dna tech can be used to create transgenic organisms by transferring recombinant dna plasmid across cell membrane which may include
• • Introducing recombinant plasmid into host bacterial ell e.g agrobacterium via heat shock which is then injected into plant cell
• • Microinjecting recombinant plasmid into larger animal cells using specialised needle
• Utilizing plasmids

  • Circular piece of dna found naturally in cytoplasm of bacteria
  • Replicate independent and express genes they carry→ used as vectors
• • medical industry to be able to prevent diseases/ disorders like production of human insulin to treat diabetes, golden rice to reduce global vitamin a deficiency, gene therapy and vaccinations. Use of transgenic animals to produce recombinant proteins eg blood clotting factors
• • Agricultural industry to create crops and livestock species exhibiting favourable traits to improve yield and nutritional value e.g salt-tolerant wheat golden rice. Also can be used to reduce use of pesticides by farmers thereby reducing their costs
• • Bt cotton or corn produces toxin killing pests, decreasing use of pesticides and reducing impact on the environment. Initially increases in genetic diversity but if same GMOS constantly being reproduced, could lead to reduction in genetic diversity
• Transgenic species

  • created by moving genes across species. Taking genes from one species and inserting it into another species. Known as genetically modified organisms
  • Performed so that organisms exhibit new traits. Gene must biome part of genome in germline cells to pass traits onto offspring