Run for your life

• What are tendons?

  Non-elastic tissue connecting muscles to bones
• What are ligaments?

  Elastic tissue that joins bones together
• What is the purpose of joints?

  To allow body parts to move
• What are skeletal muscles?

  Muscles attached to bones in pairs
• What are antagonistic muscle pairs?

  Muscle pairs that pull in opposite directions
• What happens when the triceps relaxes?

  The biceps contracts to lift the arm
• What initiates muscle contraction?

  Calcium ions released from sarcoplasmic reticulum

  
• What is the role of troponin in muscle contraction?

  It changes shape to expose myosin binding sites
• What occurs after myosin binding sites are exposed?

  Myosin head forms an actomyosin bridge
• What happens when ADP and Pi are released?

  Myosin head moves forward, shortening sarcolemma
• What binds to myosin head after contraction?

  Free ATP binds to myosin head
• What does ATPase do in muscle contraction?

  Breaks ATP into ADP and Pi
• What happens if stimulation stops?

  Calcium ions are transported back into reticulum
• What is aerobic respiration?

  Splitting a substrate with oxygen to release energy
• What is the waste product of aerobic respiration?

  Carbon dioxide
• What does respiration yield?

  ATP for metabolic reactions
• What are the four stages of aerobic respiration?

  • Glycolysis
  • Link Reaction
  • Kreb’s Cycle
  • Oxidative Phosphorylation
• Where does glycolysis occur?

  In the cytoplasm
• What are the products of glycolysis?

  2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 NADH
• What happens to pyruvate in anaerobic respiration?

  It is reduced to lactate

  
• What creates an oxygen debt?

  Oxidation of lactate back to pyruvate
• What effect does lactate have on blood pH?

  It decreases blood pH
• What occurs in the link reaction?

  Pyruvate binds to coenzyme A to form acetyl-CoA

  
• What does acetyl-CoA donate to the Krebs cycle?

  2 carbons to oxaloacetate

  
• Where do the link reaction and Krebs cycle occur?

  In the mitochondrial matrix
• What is produced in the Krebs cycle?

  Carbon dioxide, ATP, reduced NAD, reduced FAD

  
• What is oxidative phosphorylation?

  ATP synthesis via chemiosmosis in mitochondria

  
• What do reduced coenzymes do in oxidative phosphorylation?

  Carry hydrogen ions and electrons to the chain

  
• What happens during redox reactions in the electron transport chain?

  One carrier is oxidized, another is reduced
• What is the result of hydrogen ions being transported across the membrane?

  High concentration in the intermembrane space
• How do hydrogen ions produce ATP?

  They diffuse through ATP synthase
• What is produced when hydrogen ions and electrons combine with oxygen?

  Water
• What is myogenic contraction?

  Heart's ability to initiate its own contraction
• Where does depolarization originate in the heart?

  In the Sinoatrial Node
• What happens during atrial systole?

  Depolarization spreads through the atria
• What prevents direct spread of depolarization to the ventricles?

  The annulus fibrosus, a non-conductive tissue
• What does the Atrioventricular Node do?

  Stimulates conduction to the ventricles
• What occurs between atrial systole and ventricular systole?

  A slight delay occurs for ventricular filling
• What are Purkyne Fibres responsible for?

  Spreading depolarization through the ventricles
• How can ECG be used in diagnosing heart diseases?

  It measures the wave of depolarization