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• Pharmaceutical dosage form and drug delivery systems are taught by Jayson F. Serrano, RPh, the course facilitator at Our Lady of Fatima University.
• Biologicals are substances derived from a living organism and used for the prevention or treatment of disease, including antitoxins, bacterial and viral vaccines, blood products and hormone extracts.
• Immunity is the state of relative resistance to a disease that develops after exposure to the specific disease-causing agent, including natural immunity, acquired immunity, active immunity and passive immunity.
• Immunization is the process by which an individual is exposed to an agent that is designed to fortify his or her immune system against that agent, with the material known as an immunogen.
• Vaccines are substances used to produce immunization, also known as vaccines.
• Stabilizers increase the storage life, for example, 2-phenoxyethanol.
• Diagnostic skin biologics contain antigen, such as Multiple Skin Antigens.
• Adjuvants enhance the immune response of the antigen, such as alum, aluminum hydroxide, and aluminum sulfate.
• Preservatives allow the use of multiple dose vials, with Thimerosal (49.6%) being a common preservative.
• Biologicals are sensitive to extreme temperature and are kept in a biological refrigerator or an insulated container.
• A segment of DNA from any donor organism is joined in the test tube to a second DNA molecule, known as a vector, to form a "recombinant" DNA molecule.
• Edward Jenner originated the vaccination procedure.
• Dr. Raymond Parker defined a chemical nutrient medium in which cells can grow and replicate.
• Jonas Salk developed the polio vaccine.
• Albert Sabin developed the oral polio vaccine a few years later.
• Active immunization is where the actual microbe is taken in by a person, with antibodies created by the recipient and are stored permanently.
• Natural active immunization is when an untreated microbe is received by a person who has not yet come into contact with the microbe and has no pre-made antibodies for defense.
• Artificial active immunization is where the treated microbe is injected into the person before they are able to take it in naturally.
• Passive immunization is where pre-made antibodies are given to a person, beginning to work very quickly, but it is short lasting, because the antibodies are naturally broken down, and not stored for later use.
• Natural passive immunization is when antibodies are being transferred from mother to fetus during pregnancy, to help protect the fetus before and shortly after birth.
• Artificial passive immunization is given by injection and is used if there has been a recent outbreak of a particular disease or as an emergency treatment to poisons.
• Component vaccines contain parts of the whole bacteria or viruses.
• Types of vaccines include live attenuated vaccines, which contain bacteria or viruses that have been altered so they can't cause disease, killed vaccines, which contain killed bacteria or inactivated viruses, and toxoid vaccines, which contain toxins (or poisons) produced by the germ that have been made harmless.
• Inactivated (killed) vaccines cannot cause an infection, but they still can stimulate a protective immune response and are inactivated with chemicals such as formaldehyde.
• Examples of inactivated (killed) vaccines include Inactivated polio vaccine (IPV), which is the shot form of the polio vaccine, and Inactivated influenza vaccine.
• Production of vaccines involves extraction, chemical synthesis, genetic engineering, and uses a bioreactor.
• Examples of live attenuated vaccines include Measles vaccine (as found in the MMR vaccine), Mumps vaccine (MMR vaccine), Rubella (German measles) vaccine ( MMR vaccine), Oral polio vaccine (OPV), and Varicella (chickenpox) vaccine.
• Examples of component vaccines include Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccine, Hepatitis B (Hep B) vaccine, Hepatitis A (Hep A) vaccine, and Pneumoccocal conjugate vaccine.
• Genetic engineering is the artificial alteration of the genetic composition of cells or organisms and gene cloning is fundamental to genetic engineering.
• Component vaccines are made by using only parts of the viruses or bacteria.
• Toxoid vaccines are made by treating toxins produced by germs with heat or chemicals, such as formalin, to destroy their ability to cause illness and do not cause disease but they stimulate the body to produce protective immunity just like the germs' natural toxins.
• The process of growing a virus repeatedly, also known as passing, serves to lessen the disease-causing ability of the virus.
• Live attenuated vaccines are usually created from the naturally occurring germ itself and are weakened by growing them over and over again in a laboratory under nourishing conditions called cell culture.
• Examples of toxoid vaccines include Diphtheria toxoid vaccine (may be given alone or as one of the components in the DTP, DTaP, or dT vaccines) and Tetanus toxoid vaccine (may be given alone or as part of DTP, DTaP, or dT).
• Bioreactor is defined as a vessel that carries out a biological reaction and is used to culture aerobic cells for conducting cellular or enzymatic immobilization.
• Autistische stoornis (autisme) = Stoornis die zich manifesteert door een afwijkend communicatiepatroon, sociale interacties en gedrag