situational variables

• What situational variables did Milgram investigate after the baseline study?

  Proximity, location, and uniform
• How did proximity affect obedience in Milgram's variations?

  Obedience decreased with closer proximity
• What was the obedience rate when the Teacher and Learner were in the same room?

  40%
• What happened in the touch proximity variation?

  The Teacher forced the Learner's hand
• What was the obedience rate in the touch proximity variation?

  30%
• What was the obedience rate in the remote instruction variation?

  20.5%
• Why did obedience decrease with remote instructions?

  Participants distanced themselves from consequences
• How did the location of the study affect obedience?

  Prestigious settings increased perceived authority
• What was the obedience rate in the run-down office block?

  Obedience was still quite high
• What role did the Experimenter's uniform play in obedience?

  It symbolized authority and encouraged obedience
• What happened when the Experimenter was replaced by a confederate in everyday clothes?

  Obedience dropped to 20%
• Why do uniforms encourage obedience?

  They are recognized symbols of authority
• What are the key findings from Milgram's baseline study?

  • 65% of participants obeyed to 450 volts
  • 12.5% stopped at 300 volts
  • Participants showed signs of extreme tension
  • 84% were glad to have participated
• What situational variables did Milgram explore in his variations?

  • Proximity: Closer physical distance decreased obedience
  • Location: Prestigious settings increased obedience
  • Uniform: Authority symbols increased obedience