Midterms

• Intercalated disks are only visible on a longitudinal section.
• Single nuclei located at the center of the cell
• Cytology deals with the nature of individual cells and uses Diff quik-modified wright stain.
• Types of cytology include Tape Cytology, Impression smear, Skin Scrapes, and Fine Needle Aspirate (FNA).
• Histology involves tissue sectioning and uses Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) for staining.
• Protoplasm represents the basic unit of life and has the ability to metabolize (sum of total chemical reaction).
• Irritability in protoplasm means the ability to react to stimuli.
• Contractility in protoplasm means the ability to contract/expand.
• Secretion in protoplasm means the release of new substances.
• Conductivity in protoplasm means the ability to impulses (nerve tissue and muscles).
• Excretion in protoplasm means the release of by product.
• Mucoid is found in Wharton’s jelly, comb & wattle, lamina proparia of omasum.
• Dense Connective Tissue is composed of fibers and its principal component is elastic fibers which provides springiness and stretchability like the nuchal ligament and tunica media of large (elastic) arteries.
• Embryonic Connective Tissue is present in the embryo and its principal components are intercellular substance and amorphous matrix.
• Exocrine glands are another type of Glandular Epithelia/Epithelial Glands where secretions are released into an external or internal surface and are provided with ducts.
• Fibrous Connective Tissue is composed of fibers and is classified according to fiber packing or density.
• Connective Tissues are present in the embryo and their principal components are mesenchymal cells, which are stellate or spindled shaped with cytoplasmic processes and eventually transform into adult cell types.
• Embryonic Origin of Connective Tissues includes Ectoderm, Mesoderm, and Endoderm.
• Adult connective tissue includes Fibrous Connective Tissue and Dense Connective Tissue.
• Glandular Epithelia/Epithelial Glands are derived from surface epithelium and are highly specialized to perform secretory function.
• Glandular Epithelia/Epithelial Glands are classified according to their morphology, with one type having no ducts and its secretions, hormones, are transported by blood and lymph to the site of utilization.
• Columnar Epithelia are tall, prismatic, polygonal in shape.
• Endocytosis in protoplasm means the entry of substances in the cytoplasm.
• Phagocytosis is a type of cell eating, where larger molecules are ingested.
• Pinocytosis is a type of cell drinking, where small/fine molecules are ingested.
• Propagation in protoplasm means maintaining continuity.
• Types of formed substances include collagen fibers, elastic fibers, and reticular fibers.
• Miscellaneous inclusions contain exogenous substances such as hemosiderin and lipofuscin.
• Hemosiderin is an inclusion body that is a product of breakdown of red blood cells.
• Liquid component of tissue is the fluid.
• Epithelium is a tissue where cells are the predominant component and primary “component”, due to its thin nature, it cannot withstand wear and tear, and is subjected to wear and tear.
• Components of a tissue include cell, intercellular substances, and fluid.
• Amorphous intercellular substances are “no form”, unorganized, gel-like and viscous, forms ground substance found or matrix of tissue.
• Characteristics of an epithelium include being joined basally by junctional complexes, avascular (independent), subjected to wear and tear, secretory, absorptive, excretory and others, and has very little intercellular space.
• Secretory inclusions have the same structure as lipid droplets and glycogen granules.
• Melanin pigment is a biological pigment produced by melanocyte for pigmentation of skin and hair.
• Tissue is a group of cells and intercellular material morphologically and physiologically integrated to perform specific function or variety of related functions.
• Identifiable surfaces of an epithelium include apical surface, basal surface, and lateral surface.
• Examples of fluids include Cerebrospinal Fluid, Lymph, Plasma, and Synovial fluid.
• Epithelioid is a tissue similar to epithelium but lacks basal lamina.