CDI 1 REVIEWER

• According to the Oxford English Dictionary, "investigation" is derived from old French word of the same name originally coined around 14th century.
• Investigation is also similar to Latin word "investigare" which means to investigate.
• Investigation in the Philippines involves a systematic and thorough process aimed at collecting, analyzing, and evaluating evidence to establish the truth behind a particular incident, crime, or issue.
• Investigation plays a crucial role in law enforcement, the legal system, and various government agencies, and it serves as a foundation for the pursuit of justice.
• The purpose and importance of investigation is to uncover facts, gather evidence, and determine the circumstances surrounding an incident or alleged crime.
• Investigation aims to establish the truth and ensure that justice is served, both for victims and potential suspects.
• A CI should have tactfulness, be a regular people person familiar with people, have good community relations, good records keeping skill, and never overlook potential leads or information that could prove useful in the case at hand.
• The ability to secure information is the chief asset of an investigator.
• Information is the sum total of knowledge which the CI gathered and acquired from other persons, research, technical results of facts related to the crime.
• Interview is a mode of collecting information where a CI conducts structured or unstructured interviews with witnesses, victims, or suspects to gather firsthand information.
• The three fundamental tools of a criminal investigators are information, interview/interrogation, and instrumentation.
• Information can be collected through modes such as surveillance, informants/informers, undercover operations, casing, roping, elicitation, and eavesdropping.
• Information can be acquired from regular sources such as conscientious and public spirited citizens, public and private records, etc.
• Information can also be gathered from cultivated sources such as paid informants, contacts, former criminals or even casual acquaintances.
• A good CI must possess perseverance in his assigned task, intelligent thinking, empathy, honesty, and effective communication skills.
• Evidence collection in investigation involves gathering various forms of evidence, including physical evidence, testimonial evidence, and electronic evidence.
• Documentation in investigation is essential and accurate and thorough documentation is essential.
• Analysis in investigation involves understanding connections, patterns, and potential leads.
• Decoding is the transforming of coded message into plain text, also known as Decrypting.
• Security Clearance is a certification issued by the proper authority that the person described has an access to classified matter at the appropriate level.
• Security Clearance is an administrative determination from a security standpoint that an individual is eligible for access to classified matter.
• Crypto-Analyst is one who breaks intercepted codes.
• Cryptography is the art and science of codes and ciphers, done through the use of telephone scrambler or technically speaking, Speech Inverter where speech frequencies are divided to produce a scrambling speech when intercepted.
• Cryptographer is a person skilled in converting messages from clear to unintelligible forms by the use of codes and ciphers, also known as Coder, Encrypter or Code Clerk.
• Coding is the changing of message from plain clear text to unintelligible form, also known as Encrypting.
• Partial Background Investigation (PBI) is an investigation of the background of the subject but limited only to circumstances of his personal life which are deemed pertinent to an investigation.
• Complete Background Investigation (CBI) consists of the thorough and complete investigation of the background of the subject including all the circumstances of his life.
• Directed Clearance is a clearance granted for a specific purpose upon completion of prescribed records check or background check.
• Interviews and interrogations in investigation involve interviewing witnesses, victims, and suspects to gather information, elicit statements, and establish timelines.
• Law enforcement agencies such as the Philippine National Police (PNP), National Bureau of Investigation (NBI), and other agencies conduct investigations into various crimes, ranging from minor offenses to serious offenses like homicide, kidnapping, and drug-related cases.
• The purposes of interrogation include obtaining confession to the crime, inducing the suspect to make admission, learning the facts of the crime, learning the identity of the accomplice, developing information which will lead to the recovery of the fruits of the crime, and discovering the details of other crimes participated by the suspect.
• Instrumentation is the application of instruments and methods of physical science to the detection of crimes.
• In questioning, it is important to avoid implied (indirect) answers, ask simple questions, save faces, avoid close ended questions (yes or no), and observe one question at a time.
• Confession is the direct acknowledgement of guilt arising from the commission of a crime.
• The phases/stages of criminal investigation include identification of criminals, tracing and locating the criminal, gathering of evidence to prove the guilt of the criminal, and identification by associative evidence.
• Types of confession include extra-judicial confession, which are those made by the suspect during custodial investigation.
• Interrogation techniques include emotional appeal, sympathetic appeal, kindness, extenuation, and bluff on a split pair.
• The Miranda Doctrine, which is incorporated in our 1973 Constitution and later in the 1987 Constitution of the Philippines, is a US Supreme Court Jurisprudence which laid down the constitutional rights of the accused during custodial investigation.
• Conclusions should be drawn after the interview, thanking the subject for his cooperation.
• Interrogation is a questioning of a person suspected of having committed an offense or a person who is reluctant to make full disclosure of information in his possession which is pertinent to the investigation.