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๐จ GI Motility
๐จ 1. Overview of Digestive Processes
๐จ 1.2 Digestion and Mechanisms (23-40)
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Cards (45)
What is the process of mechanical disruption of food called?
Mastication
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Where does mechanical disruption of food begin?
In the
mouth
with chewing
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What processes continue in the stomach during digestion?
Initiation of
protein
and
lipid
enzymatic
digestion
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What is necessary for solids greater than 2mm in diameter?
They do not pass through
pylorus
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In what form are lipids consumed?
As
triglycerides
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What is absorbed by the small intestine from lipids?
Fatty acids and monoglycerides
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What are amino acids present in food as?
Proteins
and large peptides
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What does the small intestine absorb from proteins?
Only
amino acids
and small
peptides
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What carbohydrates are present in the diet?
Starch,
disaccharides
, and
monosaccharides
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How are carbohydrates absorbed in the small intestine?
As
monosaccharides
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What is required for most dietary carbohydrates before absorption?
Chemical digestion
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What initiates the digestive processes for carbohydrates and lipids?
Salivary
and
lingual
enzymes
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What enzyme is responsible for carbohydrate digestion?
Amylase
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What enzyme is responsible for lipid digestion?
Lipase
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Where is protein digestion initiated?
In the stomach by
gastric proteases
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What primarily causes lipid digestion in the stomach?
Lingual lipase
that is swallowed
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What does carbohydrate digestion NOT involve?
Secreted
gastric enzymes
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Where is digestion completed?
In the
small intestine
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What are the pancreatic enzymes critical for digestion?
Lipase
,
chymotrypsin
, and
amylase
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What do brush border enzymes complete digestion of?
Carbohydrates
and
proteins
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What is digestion by brush border enzymes referred to as?
Membrane digestion
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What is the daily dietary fluid intake?
1.5
to
2.5
L/day
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What is the fluid load presented to the small intestine daily?
8 to 9 L/day
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What mechanisms contribute to digestion?
Endocrine
,
neural,
and
paracrine
mechanisms
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What does the endocrine mechanism involve?
Release of a
transmitter
into blood
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What stimulates the release of gastrin?
Protein in the
stomach
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What does gastrin stimulate in the stomach?
H+
release from
parietal cells
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What does the neural mechanism involve?
Activation of nerves and
neurotransmitters
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What neurotransmitter is released by the vagus nerve?
Acetylcholine
(ACh)
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What does acetylcholine (ACh) release from parietal cells?
H+
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What does the paracrine mechanism involve?
Release of a
transmitter
affecting
adjacent
cells
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What does histamine stimulate in the stomach?
H+
release from neighboring
parietal cells
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What are the primary roles of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT)?
Digesting and absorbing
nutrients
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What is another role of the GIT?
Excreting
waste material
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What does fecal material consist of?
Nondigested food products and
colonic
bacteria
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What are some excretory products of the GIT?
Heavy metals
and organic
anions
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What is the major route of excretion for heavy metals?
In
bile
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What is excreted in bile?
Several
organic
anions
and
cations
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How much fluid does the small intestine secrete daily?
Approximately
1 L/day
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Where is water reabsorbed in the GIT?
In
small and large intestine
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