1. biological molecules

• how many carbons are in a glucose molecule?

  6
• galactose + glucose =?

  lactose
• glucose + glucose =?

  maltose
• fructose + glucose =?

  sucrose
• two monosaccharides are joined by a glycosidic bond
• how do you test for reducing sugars?

  Benedict's test.
• how do you test for starch?

  iodine test
• cellulose is made of long, unbranched chains of beta-glucose
• triglycerides are made of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids
• phospholipids are made of 1 phosphate group, 1 glycerol and 2 fatty acids
• saturated fatty acids don't have any double bonds in the fatty acid tail
• unsaturated fatty acids have at least one double bond in its fatty acid tails
• in a lipid the glycerol and 3 fatty acids are joined by 3 ester bonds
• in a phospholipid the head is hydrophilic and the tail is hydrophobic
• triglycerides are energy storage molecules
• phospholipids make up the bilayer of cell membranes
• how do you test for lipids?

  emulsion test
• amino acids are joined by peptide bonds
• how do you test for proteins?

  Biuret test.
• an enzyme is a biological catalyst, that lowers the activation energy of a reaction
• what are the two types of enzyme inhibitors?

  competitive inhibitor and non-competitive inhibitor
• what are the 3 compondents of a DNA nucleotide?

  phosphate, deoxyribose sugar and a nitrogen containing base
• what are the 3 components of a RNA nucleotide?

  phosphate, ribose sugar, nitrogen containing base
• what are the components of ATP?

  Adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups.
• iron ions are an important part of haemoglobin
• hydrogen ions determine pH
• sodium ions help transport glucose and amino acids across membranes
• phosphate ions are part of DNA and ATP
• an isomer are molecules with the same molecular formula but different structural formulae
• how do you test for reducing sugars?

  add benedict's reagent and heat in a water bath thats been brought to boil
• how do you test for non-reducing sugars?

  add dilute hydrochloric acid, heat, add sodium hydrocarbonate and then do Benedict's test
• why is starch good for storage?

  insoluble so doesn't affect water potential
• why is glycogen good for storage?

  compact
• Cellulose is long, unbranched chains of beta-glucose
• triglycerides are used for energy storage
• why are triglycerides good for energy storage?

  long fatty acid tails contains lots of chemical energy and they're insoluble
• phosphlipids form the bilayer of cell membranes
• how do you test for lipids?

  emulsion test
• what bonds are formed in the secondary structure of a protein?

  hydrogen
• what bonds form in the teritary structure of a protein?

  hydrogen, ionic, and disulfide bridges