microbial metab.

• Metabolism is the sum of all the chemical processes carried out by living organisms
• Anabolism: reactions that require energy to synthesize complex molecules FROM simpler ones.
• Catabolims : reactions that release energy by breaking complex molecules from simpler ones.
• Catabolism: all reaction (release energy to break down comp. molecules) involve electron transfer --> directly related to oxidation and reduction
• Metabolism Process

  A) Catabolism

  B) Anabolism

  
• Oxidation: Loss or removal of electrons + addition of O2

  Reduction: The gain of electrons + Loss of O2
• Modes of nutrition : Methods of obtaining food by microorganisms

  -Autotrophic mode of nutrition

  -Heterotrophic mode of nutrition
• Microorganisms are grouped by

  -energy capture

  -how they obtain carbon
• Autotrophy : Use carbon dioxide to synthesize organic molecules

  -Photoautotrophs

  -Chemoautotrops
• Photoautotrophs: Obtain energy from light -> synthesize organic molecules (glucose) using light
• Chemoautotrophs: Obtain energy from oxidizing simple inorganic substances

  -synthesize organic compounds from inorganic chemicals
• Heterotrophy: Receive carbon from ready-made organic molecules.

  -Photoheterotrophs

  -Chemoheterotrophs
• Photoheterotrophs: Obtain chemical energy from light.-> light only used in metabolic activities - food from photoautotrophs
• Chemoheterotrophs: Obtain energy from breaking down ready-made organic compounds
• Differences of photoautotrophs and photoheterotrophs

  A) production of food

  B) do metabolic activities

  C) atmosphere

  D) organic substances

  
• Autotrophic microbes; A group of organisms capable of producing its own food (organic molecules) by utilizing inorganic substances like water, sunlight, air...

  They are the producers in food chain
• Heterotrophic microbes: a group of organisms that obtain their food (energy) from other organisms and are not capable of producing their own food

  They are the consumers in the food chain
• Heterotrophs Metabolism

  Heterotrophs break down some of the organic molecules they take in (catabolism) to make the ATP that they need to synthesize the others into the macromolecules of which they are made (anabolism).

  
• Photosynthetic organisms: Organisms that transforms solar energy into chemical energy of carbohydrates.
• Photosynthesis captures solar energy -> transforms to chemical energy -> energy ends up stored in carbohydrate

  Photosynthesizers produce their own food ... this feed themselves and heterotrophs.
• Both heterotrophs and autotrophs use organic molecules produced by photosynthesis --> source of chemical energy for cellular work
• Photosynthesis takes place in the green chloroplasts (chlorophyll pigmented) of cells

  A) Outer membrane

  B) inner membrane

  C) stroma

  D) grana

  E) thylakoid space

  F) thylakoid membrane

  G) overlapping thylakoid

  H) independent thylakoid

  I) granum

  
• Basic structure of chloroplast are

  1. Stroma -fluid of chloroplast
  2. Granum - stack of thylakoids
  3. Thylakoids - Contains photosynthetic pigment (chlorophyll)
• Chloroplast with nucleomorph

  A) nucleomorph

  B) periplastid membrane

  C) epiplastid membrane

  D) stroma

  E) thylakoids/grana

  
• Endosymbiosis theory: PRIMARY Endosymbiosis

  A eukaryote with mitochondria engulfed a photosynthetic cyanobacterium cell (during serial primary endosymbiosis), creating lineage of cells with both organelles.
• Process of photosynthesis

  Oxidation: H2O (REMOVE H)

  Reduction: CO2 (ADD H)

  A) 6

  B) 12

  C) CH2O

  
• The Role of NADP+/NADPH in Photosynthesis

  NADP+ is the coenzyme of redox.

  A) reduced

  B) 2e-

  C) H+

  D) oxidized

  E) H+

  F) 2e-

  
• Reactions in photosynthesis

  A) light

  B) calvin cycle

  C) light

  D) thylakoids

  E) carbohydrate

  F) stroma

  
• Photosynthesis reactions

  A) solar energy

  B) thylakoid membrane

  C) light reaction

  D) adp + p

  E) nadp+

  F) calvin reaction

  G) h20

  H) nadph

  I) atp

  J) o2

  K) ch2o

  L) co2

  M) stroma

  
• Light Reaction: Takes place only in presence of light.

  • Energy-capturing reactions
  • Chlorophyll absorbs solar energy
  • Energizes electrons
  • Electrons move down an electron transport chain.
  • Energy is released and captured to produce ATP in ATP synthase
  • Electron transport chain is used to make ATP out of ADP and inorganic P and NADPH out of NADP
  • H2O is oxidised to O2 as electron is removed to replace electron in PSII
  • Solar to chemical energy (used in calvin cycle)
  • O2 in released
• Calvin cycle reactions: Take place in stroma

  • CO2 is reduced to carbohydrate (carbon fixation)
  • 3 CO2 react with 3 RuBP (ribulose biphosphate) producing 6 3-PGA
  • RuBisCO is the enzyme to catalyse carbon fixation
  • 3-PGA uses 6 ATP and 6 NADPH to produce 6 G3P (one exits to form carbohydrate)
  • 5 G3P uses 3 ATP to form 3 RuBP
  • Use ATP and NADPH from light reaction to produce carbohydrate
  • Reactions named after Melvin Calvin, who used carbon isotope to trace carbon.
• Photosynthetic pigments

  • Chlorophyll-(a/b)- green
  • Carotenenes - orange
  • Xanthophyll -yellow
• Examples of photosynthetic microbes

  • euglena - euglenophyte
  • Chlorachnion reptans - chlorachniophyte
• Examples of photosynthetic microbes

  • Karenia brevis - dinoflagellate containing fucoxanthin (carotenoids)
• Example of photosynthetic microbes : Cyanobacteria - Oscillatoria cyanobacteria

  
• Heterotrophic organisms- form higher trophic levels in the food cycle.

  Divided into two based on the source of their energy

  • Photoheterotrophs - Obtain their energy from light but depend on producers for carbon source
  • Chemoheterotrophs - Obtain both energy and carbon from other producers
• Photosynthesis function for heterotrophs.

  • Photosynthesis provide oxygen to heterotrophs
  • Then oxidized by heterotrophs to produce energy for their growth and reproduction
• Examples of heterotrophs

  • Paramecium
  • Squirrel
  • Frog
  • Amoeba
  • Bacteria
  • Mushroom
• Heterotrophic nutrition is further divided into 3 types

  1. Saprophytic
  2. Parasitic
  3. Holozoic
• Saprotrophs: Heterotrophs that feed on dead and decaying organic materials as source of energy, carbon, and nutrients.