ap period 2

• Absolutism: reason rulers had right to rule
• divine right: their "god given" right
• Las Castas in Latin America (peninsulares, creoles, mestizos and mulattos): social classes born into, chosen by race and ethnic identity
• Spanish Inquisition: 1478-1834, established by Ferdinand and Isabella; to religiously unify Spain
• Age of Exploration (1400s-1600s, Diaz, Cabot, Magellan, Columbus): discovery of new trade routes to Asia, Africa, and the Americas, establishment of European colonies in America
• Louis XIV: 1643-1715, France's most powerful monarch, expanded French territory and built the Palace of Versailles, kept nobles from rebelling
• sugarcane, engenhos; enslaved Africans forced to work in the fields
• Cash crops: crops that are grown for their cash value, such as coffee, tea, and cotton
• Captialism: private ownership as means of production, motive to make profit
• Maritime Empires (Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch, and English): used transoceanic trade to maintain power
• Sunni/Shi’ite Muslims: opposing Muslim groups, had religious conflict with Ottomans vs Safavids
• Columbian Exchange: movement of people, plants, animals, and diseases between the Americas and the rest of the world.
• mercantilism: country's wealth is based on the amount of gold and silver it has
• syncretic beliefs in the Americas: Slaves blended African religions with Christianity
• Conquistadors, Cortes and Pizarro: The Spanish conquerors who conquered the Aztecs and Incas
• European Colonies in the New World: New Spain, Jamestown, Brazil
• Scientific Revolution: challenged the church, hypothesis emerged,
• Counter-Reformation (Catholic): A reaction against the Protestant Reformation, which sought to restore Catholicism to its former position
• Mughal Empire (Akbar): 1556-1605, religiously tolerant, Delt with religious tension between Muslim rulers and Hindu peoples
• Thirty Years War: 1618-1648, a war between Protestants and Catholics in Europe
• Peace of Westphalia 1648 - ended the war between England and the Netherlands
• devshirme system: system of forced labor for young boys in the ottoman empire
• Ottoman Empire (Suleiman l): 1520-1922, centralized legal system
• Tokugawa Shogunate (Japan) & Daimyo: Edo Period, was a time of much peace and cultural growth in Japan from 1603 to 1867; feudal lords
• encomienda: a system of Spanish colonialism in which the Spanish granted land to native Americans in exchange for labor
• hacienda: a large estate, especially one that is worked by slaves or peons
• mit'a system: a system of exchange in which one person gives something to another person and then receives something in return
• Peter the Great: 1672-1725, Russian Tsar, wanted to modernize Russia
• Transatlantic Slave Trade: 1500s - 1800s, 12 million Africans were sold into slavery and transported to the Americas
• African Diaspora: The movement of Africans to other parts of the world for forced labor
• Galleons and Caravels: Large ships that were used to transport goods from Europe to the Americas
• Prince Henry the Navigator: first European monarch to sponsor exploration and colonization
• Treaty of Tordersillas: 1526, Spain and Portugal agreed to divide the world between them
• Gutenberg Press: first printing press, improved literacy rates, allowed for more books to be printed
• Protestant Reformation: Martin Luther, a monk, challenged the authority of the Catholic Church and the doctrine of indulgences.
• Triangular Trade and Middle Passages: trading of manufactured goods, raw materials, and slaves between Europe, Africa, and the Americas
• indentured servitude, chattel slavery, coercive labor: working for a set number of years before being free, the buying/selling of slaves as property, being compelled to work through force
• Russian Boyars: rich land-owning Russian nobles, got into conflicts with the Tsars (rulers) of Russia
• Viceroys: appointed to govern colonies in americas
• audiencias: loyal to crown + had to report back to the crown