SAS 1 - PCOG

• Glycosides are molecules in which a sugar group is bonded through its anomeric carbon to another group via a glycosidic bond.
• A glycosidic bond is a certain type of chemical bond that joins a sugar molecule to another molecule.
• The sugar group in a glycoside is known as the glycone and the nonsugar group as the aglycone or genin part of the glycoside.
• The glycone can consist of a single sugar group (monosaccharide) or several sugar groups (oligosaccharide).
• The glycone and aglycone portions of a glycoside can be chemically separated by hydrolysis in the presence of acid.
• Cantharidin, also known as cantharides, is a popularly used Aphrodisiac.
• Psoralens are derived from the dried insect Cantharis versicatoria.
• Cantharides are used as an irritant, a vesicant, and a rubefacient.
• If taken internally, cantharides are excreted by the kidney, irritate the urinary tract, and can result in priapism.
• There are numerous enzymes that can form and break glycosidic bonds.
• In most cases, the glycoside is easily hydrolyzed by an enzyme that occurs in the same plant tissue, but in different cells from those contain the glycoside.
• Many of these enzymes hydrolyze only a single glycoside; however, two enzymes, namely emulsin of almond kernels and myrosin of black mustard seeds, each hydrolyze a considerable number of glycosides.
• Glycosides can be crystalline or amorphous, soluble in H2O and alcohol, and insoluble in organic solvents like benzene and ether.
• Sugars exist in alpha or beta forms, which are referred to as a-glycosides and b-glycosides.
• Most naturally occurring glycosides are of b-type.
• Glycosides are soluble in organic solvents, hydrolyzed by water, enzymes and mineral acids, and are optically active.
• On the basis of glycone, glycosides can be classified as Glucoside, Fructoside, Glucuronide.
• When hydrolyzed by the enzyme myrosin, these glycosides yield the mustard oils.
• Hesperidin, hesperitin, diosmin, and naringen are examples of flavonoids.
• White mustard, also known as Allium sativum, contains alliin and allicin, which have hypoglycemic and thrombolytic properties.
• Lactone glycosides are benzopyrone derivatives having aromatic smell and their aromatic solution when made alkaline shows blue or green fluorescence.
• Aldehyde glycosides are found in Vanilla planifolia and Tahiti vanilla, and the principal flavoring constituent is vanillin, which is methylprotocathechuic aldehyde.
• Alcohol glycosides are found in Salix purpurea and S. fragilis, have anti-cancer claims, and are used as antirheumatic agents.
• Bishydroxycoumarin is a drug related to coumarin, from the leaves of Melilotus officinalis, and is an anticoagulant.
• Flavonoid glycosides are isolated as yellow pigments in plants and are best known for their anti-inflammatory properties.
• Flavonoids are also found in the leaves of Ginkgo biloba, Gingkoaceae, and are used as antiasthmatic and bronchodilators.
• Principal among these glycosides are sinigrin from black mustard, sinalbin from white mustard, and gluconapin from rape seed.
• Black/Brown mustard is derived from the dried, seeds of Brassica alba and contains acrinyl isothiocyanate B.
• Rutin, quercetrin, hyperoside, and bioflavonoids are examples of flavonoid glycosides.
• Allyl isothiocyanate, a volatile constituent of mustard, is used as a local irritant and emetic.
• Rutin and hesperidin combine to form vitamin P, which is used in the treatment of various conditions characterized by capillary bleeding or fragility.
• Dioscorea, also known as Mexican yam, is the most abundant source of diosgenin, sapogenin, hecogenin, and botogenin, and is the primary raw material in the synthesis of glucocorticoids and anti-inflammatory agent.
• The test for cyanogenic glycosides includes the guignard test, picric acid, and the addition of mercurous nitrate.
• Saponin glycosides are widely distributed in higher plants and form colloidal solutions in water that foam upon shaking, have a bitter, acrid taste, and drugs containing them are usually sternutatory and otherwise irritating to mucous membrane.
• The saponins in Glycyrrhiza may have a surfactant property that facilitates the absorption of poorly absorbed drugs, such as anthraquinone glycosides.
• Sapotoxin is the most poisonous saponin.
• Asian Ginseng, Panax ginseng, and American Ginseng, Panax quinquefolius, are sources of ginsenosides, panaxosides, chikusetsaponins
• Glycyrrhiza is used as a flavoring agent, 50 times sweeter than sucrose, and is used to mask the taste of bitter drugs such as aloe, ammonium chloride, quinine and others.
• Glycyrrhiza, also known as Spanish licorice or liquorice, is the dried rhizome and roots of Glycyrrhiza glabra, a plant that contains a saponin-like glycoside, Glycyrrhizin, which increases fluid and sodium retention and promotes potassium depletion.
• Cyanophore glycosides, also known as prunus virginiana or wild black cherry tree, yield HCN, benzaldehyde, and sugars upon hydrolysis, and their medicinal activity is due to the presence of HCN.