human social biology

• Neurons are specialized cells that transmit electrical signals throughout the body.
• The spinal cord connects the brain to the rest of the body and transmits information between them.
• The brain is the most complex organ in the body and controls all aspects of our lives.
• The nervous system is responsible for controlling all bodily functions, including movement, sensation, thought, memory, learning, emotion, and behavior.
• Neurons are specialized nerve cells with dendrites (receiving end) and axon terminals (transmitting end).
• Synapses are gaps between neurons where neurotransmitters pass information from one cell to another.
• The nervous system consists of neurons that transmit electrical impulses to other cells or organs.
• The brain is the most complex organ, responsible for controlling all bodily functions.
• The brain is the most complex organ, with over 100 billion neurons.
• Nerves carry messages from the central nervous system (CNS) to other parts of the body, such as muscles or organs.
• Sensory neurons detect stimuli like touch, temperature, pain, taste, and smell, while motor neurons control muscle movement and gland secretion.
• Reflexes involve rapid responses to sensory input without conscious thought, allowing us to react quickly to danger or unexpected situations.
• The cerebrum, located at the top of the head, is responsible for higher cognitive functions such as thinking, reasoning, and decision-making.
• The cerebellum, located at the back of the skull, coordinates movement and balance.
• The autonomic nervous system regulates involuntary bodily processes such as digestion, heartbeat, and respiration.
• The spinal cord transmits information between the CNS and peripheral nerves throughout the body.
• The medulla oblongata, located at the base of the brainstem, controls vital functions such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure.
• The medulla oblongata, located at the base of the brainstem, controls vital functions such as breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, and digestion.
• Action potentials travel along axons towards the cell body, causing more neurotransmitters to be released when they reach the next synapse.
• The cerebellum, located at the back of the skull, coordinates voluntary movements and maintains balance and posture.
• Neurotransmitters bind to receptors on adjacent neurons, triggering an action potential if enough neurotransmitter molecules attach at once.
• The spinal cord connects the brain to nerves throughout the body and contains nerve fibers that relay messages back and forth between the brain and peripheral nerves.
• Neurons communicate through synapses, which are gaps between nerve endings where neurotransmitters are released into the gap fluid.
• Reflex arcs involve sensory receptors sending signals directly to effector organs without involving higher centers in the CNS.
• Neurons communicate through synaptic transmission, which involves the release of chemicals called neurotransmitters at the end of an axon into the gap between two neurons.
• Neurotransmitters are chemicals that transmit signals between nerve cells, playing important roles in mood regulation, memory formation, and learning.
• Psychiatric disorders can be caused by imbalances in neurotransmitter levels, leading to symptoms such as depression, anxiety, and schizophrenia.
• The brainstem connects the spinal cord to the rest of the brain and controls vital functions such as breathing and blood pressure.
• The hypothalamus plays a role in regulating hunger, thirst, sleep, and sexual behavior.
• The hypothalamus, located beneath the thalamus, helps regulate hormones, hunger, thirst, and body temperature.
• The pons, also part of the brainstem, connects the cerebrum with other parts of the brain and plays a role in sleep and consciousness.
• The limbic system includes structures involved in emotion, motivation, and memory, including the amygdala (responsible for fear), hippocampus (memory consolidation), and cingulate gyrus (regulates emotions).
• The medulla oblongata is responsible for controlling involuntary actions like heart rate and breathing.
• The limbic system includes structures involved in emotion, motivation, and memory, including the hippocampus, amygdala, and cingulate cortex.
• The cerebrum is responsible for higher-level cognitive processes like thinking, reasoning, and decision making.
• The medulla oblongata is responsible for controlling involuntary actions like heart rate and breathing.
• The limbic system includes structures involved in emotion, motivation, and memory, including the hippocampus, amygdala, and cingulate cortex.
• The pituitary gland is often referred to as the "master gland" because it secretes several different hormones that control other glands throughout the body.
• The cerebellum coordinates voluntary movements and maintains balance and posture.
• The cerebrum is responsible for conscious thought, language, and movement control.